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From the 1st century BC (antiquity) until at least the 16th century, Italy was the central place of Western culture, fulcrum or origin of universal phenomena such as the Roman Empire, the RomanCatholic Church, Humanism and the Renaissance.[1][2] During this time, Italy produced some of the greatest painters, sculptors, poets, musicians, mathematicians and architects in history. Italianpainters, sculptors, composers, and architects also dominated the Baroque art movement that began near the end of the Renaissance and ended in the 18th century. Both the internal and external facets ofWestern Civilization were born on the Italian peninsula, whether one looks at the history of the Christian faith, civil institutions (such as the Senate), philosophy, law,[3] art, science, or socialcustoms and culture.

Italy did not exist as a political state until its unification in 1861.[4] Due to this comparatively late unification, and the historical autonomy of the regions that comprise theItalian peninsula, many traditions and customs that are now recognized as distinctly Italian can be identified by their regions of origin. Despite the political and social isolation of theseregions, Italy's contributions to the cultural and historical heritage of Europe remain immense. Famous elements of Italian culture are its opera[5] and music, its iconic gastronomy and food,[6] which arecommonly regarded as amongst the most popular in the world[7] (with famous dishes such as pasta, pizza, lasagna, focaccia, espresso and Italian gelato), its cinema (with classic films such as 8½,Bicycle Thieves, Cinema Paradiso, La Dolce Vita, Life is Beautiful, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly etc.), its collections of priceless works of art and its fashion (Milan is regarded as one of thefashion capitals of the world).[8]

Italy is home to the greatest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites (44) to date.[9] The precepts of the Roman Catholic Church, the spirit of the Renaissance and the...