Antologia

Index


UNIT I: SENTENCES

1.1 THE SENTENCE 2
1.2 SIMPLE SENTENCE COMPONENTS 2
1.3 TRANSITION WORDS OR CONNECTORS. 5
1.4 VERB TENSES 8
1.5 AND 1.6. COMPOUND SENTENCES COMPLEX SENTENCES 14
1.7 THE PARAGRAPH 20

UNIT II: GUIDED WRITING 23

2.1 THE BIOGRAPHY 23
2.2 THE ADVERTISEMENT 28
2.3 READING REPORTS 33
2.4 FILM REVIEWS 37

UNIT III: FREE WRITING 423.1 POSTCARD 42
3.2 E-MAIL 43
3.3 DESCRIBING PEOPLE 46

ANNEXES 61


REFERENCES: 70














UNIT I: SENTENCES




THE SENTENCE

What is a sentence or clause?

a) It’s a string of words satisfying the grammatical rules of a language.
b) A sentence is a grammatical unit that is composed of one or more clauses.
c) In the field oflinguistics, a sentence is an expression in natural language, and often defined to indicate a grammatical unit consisting of one or more words that generally bear minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede or follow it. A sentence can include words grouped meaningfully to express a statement, question, exclamation, request or command.]
d) As with all language expressions, sentences maycontain both function and content words, and contain properties distinct to natural language, such as characteristic intonation and timing patterns.
e) Sentences are generally characterized in most languages by the presence of a finite verb, e.g. "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog".



SIMPLE SENTENCE COMPONENTS

Basically, all the sentences have SUBJECT and PREDICATE:
Thequick brown fox / jumps over the lazy dog.
Subject Predicate
But, for the purpose of forming sentences, let’s divide them into the following categories:
SV sentences
SVC sentences
SVO sentences
SVOOC sentences

Let’s analyze each one of them thoroughly.



SV sentences



These sentences have only a subject and a verb. In the subject, you can find:Nouns, personal pronouns or noun phrases. The verb can be in any tense according to the situation.


Birds fly
Noun + verb (Present)
The baby cried
Noun phrase + verb (past)



SVC sentences

These sentences have:

Subject Pronouns, Nouns, Noun Phrases. + (doer of the action)
+ verb According to the timeexpression.
+ complement. Adverbs of manner, place and time.
(Usually in this specific order)
A terrible fire / spread / rapidly / through the old house / yesterday.
Ted / studies / patiently / at the library / in the evening.



SVO sentences

This kind of sentence has:

Subject = (As previously explained.)
Verb= According to the situation. (TRANSITIVE VERB)
Direct object = the receiver of the action.


The children / divided / the candy.
Our team / won / the game
The teacher / canceled / the test.
In order to identify the DIRECT OBJECT, you have to consider that it answers the question: WHAT??? After the action verb.
The children divided…. What? The candy. (This is thedirect object).
Our team won…. What? The game. (This is the direct object).
The teacher canceled …what? The test. (This is the direct object).



SVOOC sentences

These sentences include a direct and indirect object besides a subject and a verb. (Transitive verb)
Direct object answers the question: WHAT?
Indirect object answers the question: WHO?
e.g.They / sent /me / flowers / on my birthday.
S V I.O. D.O. C


They / sent / flowers / to me / on my birthday
S V D.O. I.O. C


PRACTICE I
Write what type of sentence each of the following statements is:

1. Firemen pulled the child from the burning car.
2. I enjoy a rich dessert after dinner.
3. Both...