Circuitos Integrados

Páginas: 9 (2080 palabras) Publicado: 1 de noviembre de 2012
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Integrated circuit
In electronics, An integrated circuit (also referred to as IC, chip, or microchip) is a a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components ) that has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material. Integrated circuits are used in almost allelectronic equipment in use today and have revolutionized the world of electronics. Computers, mobile phones, and other digital home appliances are now inextricable parts of the structure of modern societies, made possible by the low cost of producing integrated circuits.
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Introduction
ICs were made possible by experimental discoveries whichshowing that semiconductor devices could perform the functions of vacuum tubes and by mid-20th-century technology advancements in semiconductor device fabrication. The integration of large numbers of tiny transistors into a small chip was an enormous improvement over the manual assembly of circuits using electronic components. The integrated circuit's mass production capability, reliability, andbuilding-block approach to circuit design ensured the rapid adoption of standardized Integrated Circuits in place of designs using discrete transistors.
There are two main advantages of ICs over discrete circuits: cost and performance. Cost is low because the chips, with all their components, are printed as a unit by photolithography rather than being constructed one transistor at a time. Furthermore,much less material is used to construct a packaged IC die than discrete circuit. Performance is high because the components switch quickly and consume little power (compared to their discrete counterparts) because the components are small and positioned close together. As of 2006, chip areas range from a few square millimeters to around 350 mm2, with up to 1 million transistors per mm2.-------------------------------------------------
Invention
Early developments of the integrated circuit go back to 1949, when the German engineer Werner Jacobi (Siemens AG) [3] filed a patent for an integrated-circuit-like semiconductor amplifying device[4] showing five transistors on a common substrate in a 2-stage amplifier arrangement. Jacobi disclosed small and cheap hearing aids as typicalindustrial applications of his patent. A commercial use of his patent has not been reported.
The idea of the integrated circuit was conceived by a radar scientist working for the Royal Radar Establishment of the British Ministry of Defence, Geoffrey W.A. Dummer (1909–2002). Dummer presented the idea to the public at the Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components in Washington, D.C. on 7May 1952.[5] He gave many symposia publicly to propagate his ideas, and unsuccessfully attempted to build such a circuit in 1956.
A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic squares (wafers), each one containing a single miniaturized component. Components could then be integrated and wired into a bidimensional or tridimensional compact grid. This idea, which looked very promising in1957, was proposed to the US Army by Jack Kilby, and led to the short-lived Micromodule Program (similar to 1951's Project Tinkertoy).
Robert Noyce also came up with his own idea of an integrated circuit half a year later than Kilby Noyce's chip solved many practical problems that Kilby's had not. Noyce's chip, made at Fairchild semiconductor, was made of silicon, whereas Kilby's chip was made ofgermanium.
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Advances in integrated circuits
Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the microprocessors, that control everything from computers to cellular phones to digital microwave ovens. Digital memory chips are another family of integrated circuits that is crucially important to the modern information society. While the cost...
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