Convertidores
Introduction
ANSWERS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. Guided missiles, automatic gain control in radio receivers, satellite tracking antenna 2. Yes - power gain, remote control, parameter conversion; No - Expense, complexity 3. Motor, low pass filter, inertia supported between two bearings 4. Closed-loop systems compensate for disturbances by measuring the response, comparing it to the inputresponse (the desired output), and then correcting the output response. 5. Under the condition that the feedback element is other than unity 6. Actuating signal 7. Multiple subsystems can time share the controller. Any adjustments to the controller can be implemented with simply software changes. 8. Stability, transient response, and steady-state error 9. Steady-state, transient 10. It follows agrowing transient response until the steady-state response is no longer visible. The system will either destroy itself, reach an equilibrium state because of saturation in driving amplifiers, or hit limit stops. 11. Transient response 12. True 13. Transfer function, state-space, differential equations 14. Transfer function - the Laplace transform of the differential equation State-space -representation of an nth order differential equation as n simultaneous first-order differential equations Differential equation - Modeling a system with its differential equation
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
1. Five turns yields 50 v. Therefore K =
50 volts = 1.59 5 x 2π rad
2 Chapter 1: Introduction
2.
Desired temperature
Temperature difference
Voltage difference
Fuel flow
Actualtemperature Heater
+
Thermostat
Amplifier and valves
-
3.
Desired roll angle
Input voltage
Error voltage Aileron position control
Aileron position Aircraft dynamics
Roll rate Integrate
Roll angle
Pilot controls
+ -
Gyro voltage
Gyro
4.
Desired speed
transducer
Input voltage
+ -
Speed Error voltage
Amplifier
Motor and drive system
Dancerdynamics
Actual speed
Voltage proportional to actual speed
Dancer position sensor
5.
Input voltage
Desired power
Transducer
Power Error voltage
Amplifier
Rod position
+ -
Motor and drive system
Actual power Reactor
Voltage proportional to actual power
Sensor & transducer
Solutions to Problems 3
6.
Graduating and drop-out rate Actual student rate AdmissionsDesired student population
Population error
Desired student rate Administration
+
Net rate of influx Integrate
Actual student population
+ -
7.
Voltage proportional to desired volume Voltage representing actual volume Volume control circuit Radio
Desired volume Transducer
+
Volume error
Actual volume
Effective volume
+ Voltage proportional to speedTransducer
Speed
4 Chapter 1: Introduction
8. a.
Fluid input
Valve Actuator
Power amplifier +V Differential amplifier + +V -V
R
Desired level
R
Float Tank -V Drain
b.
Desired level Potentiometer voltage in + Amplifiers Flow rate in + Integrate Actual level
Actuator and valve
Drain Flow rate out Displacement Potentiometer Float
voltage out
Solutions toProblems 5
9.
Desired force Transducer
+ Amplifier -
Current Valve
Displacement Actuator and load
Displacement Tire
Actual force
Load cell
10.
Commanded blood pressure + Vaporizer -
Isoflurane concentration Patient
Actual blood pressure
11.
Desired depth + -
Controller & motor
Force Grinder
Feed rate Integrator
Depth
12.
Desired positionCoil voltage + Transducer -
Coil circuit
Coil current
Solenoid coil & actuator
Force
Armature & spool dynamics
Depth
LVDT
13. a. L
di + Ri = u(t) dt
6 Chapter 1: Introduction
b. Assume a steady-state solution iss = B. Substituting this into the differential equation yields RB = 1,
1 R . The characteristic equation is LM + R = 0, from which M = - . Thus, the...
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