Desalinizacion

Páginas: 9 (2130 palabras) Publicado: 5 de octubre de 2012
INDEX
1 Introduction 1
2 Desalination technologies 2
2.1 Thermal technologies 3
2.1.1 Multi – stage flash (MSF) 3
2.1.2 Multiple – effect distillation (MED) 5
2.2 Membrane technologies 6
2.2.1 Reverse Osmosis (RO) 6
2.3 Hybrid desalination 7
2.4 Other commercial technologies (VC and ED) 7
2.4.1 Vapor compression distillation (VC) 7
2.4.2 Electro-dialysis (ED and EDR) 8
2.5 Supportingtechnologies 8
2.5.1 Microfiltration, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration 8
2.5.2 Ion exchange 8
3 Matching renewable energies with desalination units 8
4 Brackish Water Desalination: Energy, Costs and Energy Recovery Devices 12
4.1.1 Energy Recovery Technology 13
4.1.2 Conclusion 15
5 List of acronyms and abbreviations 15
6 References 16

1 Introduction

Water and energy are two of themost important topics on the international environment and development agenda. The social and economic health of the modern world depends on sustainable supply of both energy and water. These two critical resources are inextricably and reciprocally linked: the production of energy requires large volumes of water while the treatment and distribution of water is equally dependent upon readilyavailable, low-cost energy. The ability of nations to provide both clean, affordable energy and water is being seriously challenged by a number of emerging issues.

Many countries in the world suffer from a shortage of natural fresh water. Increasing amounts of fresh water will be required in the future as a result of the rise in population rates and enhanced living standards, together with theexpansion of industrial and agricultural activities. Available fresh-water resources from rivers and ground water are presently limited and are being increasingly depleted at an alarming rate in many places.
The oceans represent the earth’s major water reservoir. About 97% of the earth’s water is seawater while another 2% is locked in icecaps and glaciers. Available fresh water accounts for less than0.5% of the earth’s total water supply [WA93].
Vast reserves of fresh water underlie the earth’s surface, but much of it is too deep to access in an economically efficient manner. Additionally, seawater is unsuitable for human consumption and for industrial and agricultural uses. By removing salt from the virtually unlimited supply of seawater, desalination has emerged as an important source offresh water.
Today, some countries depend on desalination technologies for the purpose of meeting their fresh water requirements. In particular, in the Middle East, seawater desalination is a vital and dependable fresh water resource in countries such as Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait [AA02]. Furthermore, it is likely that desalination will continue to grow in popularity in theMiddle East [DR05]. Overall, it is estimated that over 75 million people worldwide obtain fresh water by desalinating seawater or brackish water.
The IDA Desalting Inventory 2004 Report [ID04] shows that at the end of 2002, installed and contracted brackish and seawater desalination plants worldwide totaled 17,348 units in 10,350 desalination plants with a total capacity of 37.75 million m3/day offresh water. The five world leading countries by desalination capacity are Saudi Arabia (17.4%), USA (16.2%), the United Arab Emirates (14.7%), Spain (6.4%), and Kuwait (5.8%). In 2001, seawater and brackish water accounted for about 60% and 40%, respectively, of all desalinated water sources in the world.

So that to augment the supply of water in arid regions of the world A number of seawaterdesalination technologies have been developed during the last several decades. Due to the constraints of high desalination costs, many countries are unable to afford these technologies as a fresh water resource. However, the steady increasing usage of seawater desalination has demonstrated that seawater desalination is a feasible water resource free from the variations in rainfall. A seawater...
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