Energy Supply

4
Energy Supply
Coordinating Lead Authors:
Ralph E.H. Sims (New Zealand), Robert N. Schock (USA)

Lead Authors:
Anthony Adegbululgbe (Nigeria), Jørgen Fenhann (Denmark), Inga Konstantinaviciute (Lithuania), William Moomaw (USA), Hassan B. Nimir (Sudan), Bernhard Schlamadinger (Austria), Julio Torres-Martínez (Cuba), Clive Turner (South Africa), Yohji Uchiyama (Japan), Seppo J.V. Vuori(Finland), Njeri Wamukonya (Kenya), Xiliang Zhang (China)

Contributing Authors:
Arne Asmussen (Germany), Stephen Gehl (USA), Michael Golay (USA), Eric Martinot (USA)

Review Editors:
Hans Larsen (Denmark), José Roberto Moreira (Brazil)

This chapter should be cited as:
R.E.H. Sims, R.N. Schock, A. Adegbululgbe, J. Fenhann, I. Konstantinaviciute, W. Moomaw, H.B. Nimir, B. Schlamadinger, J.Torres-Martínez, C. Turner, Y. Uchiyama, S.J.V. Vuori, N. Wamukonya, X. Zhang, 2007: Energy supply. In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

EnergySupply

Chapter 4

Table of Contents
Executive Summary .................................................. 253 4.1 4.2 Introduction ...................................................... 256
4.1.1 Summary of Third Assessment Report (TAR) .... 258

4.4

Mitigation costs and potentials of energy supply ................................................................. 289
4.4.1. Carbondioxide emissions from energy supply by 2030 ........................................................... 289 4.4.2 4.4.3 4.4.4 Cost analyses.................................................. 290 Evaluation of costs and potentials for low-carbon, energy-supply technologies ............................. 293 Electricity-supply sector mitigation potential and cost of GHG emission avoidance..................... 299

Status of the sector .......................................... 258
4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.2.4 Global development trends in the energy sector (production and consumption) ......................... 261 Emission trends of all GHGs ............................ 261 Regional development trends .......................... 262 Implications of sustainable development and energy access................................................. 263

4.5

Policies and instruments ................................ 305
4.5.1 4.5.2 4.5.3 4.5.4 4.5.5 4.5.6 Emission reduction policies ............................. 305 Air quality and pollution .................................. 309 Co-benefits of mitigation policies ..................... 310 Implications of energy supply on sustainable development................................................... 311 Vulnerability and adaptation ............................. 313 Technology Research, Development, Demonstration, plus Deployment (RD3) ............ 313

4.3

Primary energy resource potentials, supply chain and conversion technologies .............. 264
4.3.1 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.7 4.3.8 4.3.9 Fossil fuels...................................................... 265 Nuclear energy ................................................ 268 Renewable energy ........................................... 272 Energy carriers ................................................ 280 Combined heat and power (CHP)..................... 284 Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) ...... 284 Transmission, distribution, and storage............ 286 Decentralized energy ....................................... 288 Recovered energy ........................................... 289

References ................................................................... 315

252

Chapter 4

Energy Supply

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Annual total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions arising from the global energy supply sector continue to increase....