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Fundamentals of Biomechanics
Duane Knudson
Fundamentals of Biomechanics
Second Edition
Duane Knudson Department of Kinesiology California State University at Chico First & Normal Street Chico, CA 95929-0330 USA dknudson@csuchio.edu
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007925371 ISBN 978-0-387-49311-4 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Allrights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or bysimilar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com e-ISBN 978-0-387-49312-1
Contents
PrefaceAcknowledgments ix xi
NINE FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMECHANICS
Principles and Laws Nine Principles for Application of Biomechanics
29
29 30
PART I
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READING WEB LINKS 3 5
5 9 11
PART II
35 36 36 37 37 37
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO BIOMECHANICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
WHAT IS BIOMECHANICS? WHY STUDY BIOMECHANICS?Improving Performance Preventing and Treating Injury Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
BIOLOGICAL/STRUCTURAL BASES
CHAPTER 3
WHERE CAN I FIND OUT ABOUT BIOMECHANICS?
Scholarly Societies Computer Searches Biomechanics Textbooks
12
13 14 15
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION AND ITS LIMITATIONS
REVIEW OF KEY ANATOMICAL CONCEPTS
Directional Terms Joint Motions Review of Muscle Structure41
42 43 46
BIOMECHANICAL KNOWLEDGE VERSUS INFORMATION
Kinds of Sources Evaluating Sources A Word About Right and Wrong Answers
16
16 18 19
MUSCLE ACTIONS
Active and Passive Tension of Muscle Hill Muscle Model
49
51 51
SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READING WEB LINKS
20 21 21 21 22
THE LIMITATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS
Mechanical Method ofMuscle Action Analysis The Need for Biomechanics to Understand Muscle Actions Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Applications
53
53 56 60
RANGE-OF-MOTION PRINCIPLE FORCE–MOTION PRINCIPLE
CHAPTER 2
60 63 65 66 66 66 67
FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMECHANICS AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
KEY MECHANICAL CONCEPTS
Mechanics Basic Units
SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS 23
23 25
KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READINGWEB LINKS v
VI
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
BIOMECHANICS OPTIMAL PROJECTION PRINCIPLE ANGULAR MOTION 69
Angular Velocity Angular Acceleration
CHAPTER 4
MECHANICS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
TISSUE LOADS RESPONSE
OF
117 121
122 123
TISSUES TO FORCES
69
70 70 71 72
COORDINATION CONTINUUM PRINCIPLE SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READING WEB LINKS
128 130 130131 131 132
Stress Strain Stiffness and Mechanical Strength Viscoelasticity
BIOMECHANICS OF THE PASSIVE MUSCLE–TENDON UNIT (MTU) BIOMECHANICS OF BONE BIOMECHANICS OF LIGAMENTS THREE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLE
Force–Velocity Relationship Force–Length Relationship Force–Time Relationship
75 76 77
CHAPTER 6
79
79 84 86
LINEAR KINETICS
LAWS OF KINETICS NEWTON'S LAWS OFMOTION
Newton's First Law and First Impressions Newton's Second Law Newton's Third Law
133 133
133 136 137
STRETCH-SHORTENING CYCLE (SSC) FORCE–TIME PRINCIPLE NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL
The Functional Unit of Control: Motor Units Regulation of Muscle Force Proprioception of Muscle Action and Movement
88 92 94
94 95 99
INERTIA PRINCIPLE MUSCLE ANGLE OF PULL: QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE...
Duane Knudson
Fundamentals of Biomechanics
Second Edition
Duane Knudson Department of Kinesiology California State University at Chico First & Normal Street Chico, CA 95929-0330 USA dknudson@csuchio.edu
Library of Congress Control Number: 2007925371 ISBN 978-0-387-49311-4 Printed on acid-free paper. © 2007 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Allrights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or bysimilar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com e-ISBN 978-0-387-49312-1
Contents
PrefaceAcknowledgments ix xi
NINE FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMECHANICS
Principles and Laws Nine Principles for Application of Biomechanics
29
29 30
PART I
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READING WEB LINKS 3 5
5 9 11
PART II
35 36 36 37 37 37
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO BIOMECHANICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT
WHAT IS BIOMECHANICS? WHY STUDY BIOMECHANICS?Improving Performance Preventing and Treating Injury Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
BIOLOGICAL/STRUCTURAL BASES
CHAPTER 3
WHERE CAN I FIND OUT ABOUT BIOMECHANICS?
Scholarly Societies Computer Searches Biomechanics Textbooks
12
13 14 15
ANATOMICAL DESCRIPTION AND ITS LIMITATIONS
REVIEW OF KEY ANATOMICAL CONCEPTS
Directional Terms Joint Motions Review of Muscle Structure41
42 43 46
BIOMECHANICAL KNOWLEDGE VERSUS INFORMATION
Kinds of Sources Evaluating Sources A Word About Right and Wrong Answers
16
16 18 19
MUSCLE ACTIONS
Active and Passive Tension of Muscle Hill Muscle Model
49
51 51
SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READING WEB LINKS
20 21 21 21 22
THE LIMITATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL ANATOMICAL ANALYSIS
Mechanical Method ofMuscle Action Analysis The Need for Biomechanics to Understand Muscle Actions Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Applications
53
53 56 60
RANGE-OF-MOTION PRINCIPLE FORCE–MOTION PRINCIPLE
CHAPTER 2
60 63 65 66 66 66 67
FUNDAMENTALS OF BIOMECHANICS AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
KEY MECHANICAL CONCEPTS
Mechanics Basic Units
SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS 23
23 25
KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READINGWEB LINKS v
VI
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
BIOMECHANICS OPTIMAL PROJECTION PRINCIPLE ANGULAR MOTION 69
Angular Velocity Angular Acceleration
CHAPTER 4
MECHANICS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
TISSUE LOADS RESPONSE
OF
117 121
122 123
TISSUES TO FORCES
69
70 70 71 72
COORDINATION CONTINUUM PRINCIPLE SUMMARY REVIEW QUESTIONS KEY TERMS SUGGESTED READING WEB LINKS
128 130 130131 131 132
Stress Strain Stiffness and Mechanical Strength Viscoelasticity
BIOMECHANICS OF THE PASSIVE MUSCLE–TENDON UNIT (MTU) BIOMECHANICS OF BONE BIOMECHANICS OF LIGAMENTS THREE MECHANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLE
Force–Velocity Relationship Force–Length Relationship Force–Time Relationship
75 76 77
CHAPTER 6
79
79 84 86
LINEAR KINETICS
LAWS OF KINETICS NEWTON'S LAWS OFMOTION
Newton's First Law and First Impressions Newton's Second Law Newton's Third Law
133 133
133 136 137
STRETCH-SHORTENING CYCLE (SSC) FORCE–TIME PRINCIPLE NEUROMUSCULAR CONTROL
The Functional Unit of Control: Motor Units Regulation of Muscle Force Proprioception of Muscle Action and Movement
88 92 94
94 95 99
INERTIA PRINCIPLE MUSCLE ANGLE OF PULL: QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE...
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