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Biology
Organic Molecules
* Molecules which exist in all living things.
* Life’s building blocks.
* Four categories:
* Carbohydrates
* Lipids
* Proteins
* Nucleic acids* All organic molecules have 4 common characteristics:
1. Carbon based
2. Formed from a few elements which join together to form small molecules which join together, of bond, to formlarge molecules.
3. Each is built from a single block:
* Carbohydrates: sugar
* Lipids: fatty acids
* Proteins: amino acids
* Nucleic acids: nucleotide
(All this building blockstogether, form a large molecule called polymer)
4. Their form determines their function.
Carbohydrates
* Organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio.
* Mostcommon organic molecule because they make up most plant matter.
* Their building block (sugar) is called monosaccharide.
* Monosaccharides consist of carbon rings.
* 2 Monosaccharides= 1Disaccharide
* More than 2 Monosaccharides= Polysaccharide
* 3 classes of carbohydrate polysaccharides:
1. Starch:
* Used in food storage in plants.
* Potatoes, pasta and rice havestarch.
* Very valuable ‘cause they provide quick form of energy for the body.
2. Glycogen:
* Used for food storage in animals.
3. Cellulose:
* Used for structural support inplants.

* Three carbohydrate subdivisions:
1. Sample sugars:
* Monosaccharides are the simplest of the carbohydrates.
* They have a backbone of 5 or 6 carbon atoms, 1 ketone group & 2or more hydroxyl groups.
* Most are water soluble.
* Glucose has 6 carbon atoms.
* Cells use glucose as energy source.
* An example of glucose is vitamin C.
2. Short-ChainCarbohydrates:
* An oligosaccharide is a short chain covalently bonded monosaccharides.
* Disaccharides consist of 2 sugar monomers.
* One example of disaccharide is the lactose in milk.
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