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Space exploration
Spacecrafts
Satellites
Remote sensing

The beginnings
• The history of space exploration /,eksplə’reɪʃn/ starts in the middle of
the 20th century.
• In the 1920s, an American scientist named Robert H. Goddard built and
flew the first successful liquid propelled /prə’pel/ rocket /’rɒkɪt/.
• By the early 1940s, the United States and the Soviet Union were bothresearching high altitude /’æltɪtju:d/ rockets.
• Significant scientific, interplanetary /,ɪntə’plænɪtrɪ/ and industrial use
did not occur until the middle of the 20th century, when rocketry was
the enabling technology of the Space Age.

The Space Race
• During the cold war in the 1950s, both the United States and the
Soviet Union announced plans to launch earth-orbiting satellites.
• This beganwhat is called the „Space Race".
• At this time, the U.S. military had a high altitude rocket called the
Jupiter.

Escape velocity /ɪ,skeɪp və’lɒsətɪ/
• If you throw an object straight up, it will rise until the negative
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acceleration of gravity stops it, then returns it to Earth.
Gravity's force diminishes as distance from the centre of the Earth
increases.
So if you canthrow the object with enough initial upward velocity so
that gravity's decreasing force can never quite slow it to a complete
stop, its decreasing velocity can always be just high enough to
overcome gravity's pull.
The initial velocity needed to achieve that condition is called escape
velocity.
From the surface of the Earth, escape velocity (ignoring air friction) is
about 25000 miles perhour.
For example, a spacecraft leaving the surface of Earth needs to be
going 11,2 km/sec to leave without falling back to the surface and get

into an elliptical orbit.

Sputnik 1 /’spʊtnɪk/

• On October 4, 1957, the Soviets put a small sphere with a radio

transmitter /,træns’mɪtə/ into orbit, which was the first manmade
satellite to orbit the Earth.
• The word Sputnik means"Travelling Companion" in Russian.

• Sputnik 1 was about the size of a basketball, weighing roughly
183 pounds.
• It was sent into an elliptical orbit around the Earth, revolving in
about 98 minutes.

The first living animal in space
• Soviet Union was the first to put a living animal in space.
• Sputnik 2 was launched on November 3, 1957 with the dog
Laika /’laɪkǝ/ aboard.
• Laika was placedin the satellite in order to monitor her bodily
functions during the voyage.
• They were monitoring her vital signs in order to gain information for
later manned missions.
• Several other Sputniks were launched to study the Earth and provide
information for future manned space missions.

Human Exploration /,eksplə’reɪʃn/

• On April 12, 1961 the Soviet Yuri Gagarin /ga’garɪn/ was thefirst
person in space.
• When he completed one orbit in a 108-minute space flight aboard
Vostok 1 /’vɒstǝk/.

• It was a victory of a long scientific effort in rocketry.
• These launchings were a shock to the United Sates.
• U.S. rocket scientists were shocked because Soviet scientists had
hidden the fact that they had such a rocket machine.
• The Soviets had the technology to build anintercontinental
/,ɪntə,kɒntɪ’nentəl/ ballistic /bə’lɪstɪk/ missile /’mɪsaɪl/ (ICBM).

• In 1961 John F. Kennedy became president in the U.S. and
he announced the goal of sending an American to the Moon
and bringing him back safely.

• To reach this goal, he executed the Apollo /ǝ’pɒlǝʊ/
program.
• The Space Race finally ended on July 20, 1969 when Apollo
11 successfully landed on the Moon.• Americans Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin became the first
humans to walk on the Moon.

Further steps
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No human has walked on the Moon since.
The Soviets never made it to the Moon.
They started building space stations instead.
A space station is an orbiting structure where people can live in space.
The first space station, Salyut 1 /səl’ju:t/, was launched in 1971....