Monitoring systems for managing natural resources

EPTD DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 73

MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR MANAGING NATURAL RESOURCES: ECONOMICS, INDICATORS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES IN A COSTA RICAN WATERSHED

Peter Hazell, Ujjayant Chakravorty, John Dixon and Rafael Celis
with contributions by Yanjing Chen, Luis Gámez, Danièle Perrot-Maître and Lisa Segnestam

Environment and Production Technology Division International Food PolicyResearch Institute 2033 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 U.S.A. and Environment Department The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A

March 2001
EPTD Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results, and are circulated prior to a full peer review in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most Discussion Papers willeventually be published in some other form, and that their content may also be revised.

EPTD DISCUSSION PAPER NO. 73

MONITORING SYSTEMS FOR MANAGING NATURAL RESOURCES: ECONOMICS, INDICATORS AND ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES IN A COSTA RICAN WATERSHED

Peter Hazell, Ujjayant Chakravorty, John Dixon and Rafael Celis
with contributions by Yanjing Chen, Luis Gámez, Danièle Perrot-Maître andLisa Segnestam

Environment and Production Technology Division International Food Policy Research Institute 2033 K Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20006 U.S.A. and Environment Department The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A

March 2001
EPTD Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results, and are circulated prior to a full peer review in order tostimulate discussion and critical comment. It is expected that most Discussion Papers will eventually be published in some other form, and that their content may also be revised.

ABSTRACT The worsening degradation of natural resources urgently requires the adoption of more sustainable management practices. This need has led to growing interest and investment in monitoring systems for trackingthe condition of natural resources. Although grounded in concepts of sustainability, the application of monitoring systems has progressed little beyond the identification and measurement of large numbers of potentially interesting indicators. Most monitoring activities are also passive and do not lead to the changes needed to rectify the problems they identify. Too often monitoring becomes an endin itself and an expensive claim on public funds. This study is concerned with the design of monitoring systems that have direct relevance for the management of natural resources. We call these Policy Relevant Monitoring Systems (PRMS). Such systems have several key characteristics. They provide: a) a decision framework for selecting resource problems to monitor that offer potentially largesocial payoffs relative to the costs of monitoring, b) timely, including early warning information on emerging problems, c) a means of identifying the causes of an emerging problem, d) an analytical framework for identifying options for corrective action, e) an institutional framework for achieving ownership among key stakeholders (the resource users and those affected by the resource use) andagreement about emerging problems, the corrective actions to take, and effective implementation, and f) a built-in mechanism for learning from past experience to improve the performance of the monitoring system over time. The design and implementation of a PRMS is complicated in reality by the presence of multiple resource users with often conflicting interests, and by the presence of environmentalexternalities. The approach is developed and illustrated through detailed examination of the Arenal-Tempisque watershed in Costa Rica. This watershed exhibits classic multiple user and externality problems: deforestation by dairy and cattle farmers in the upper watershed leads to soil erosion and siltation of the various reservoirs that feed an important hydro-electric power generation system, and...