Patrones De Manzanos

® Geneva

Rootstocks Characteristics and Availability

Gennaro Fazio, Terence Robinson and Herb Aldwinckle

Research Work on Apple Rootstocks Requires Many Collaborators and Institutions
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Cornell University:
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USDA ARS AFRS Kearneysville:
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T. Robinson (Orchard Systems) Steve Hoying (Extension) I. Merwin (Horticulture - Replant) H. Aldwinckle (PlantPathology) L. Cheng (Physiology) S. Brown (Scion Breeding)
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J. Norelli (Fire Blight, Transgenics) C. Bassett (Stress Physiology) Tom Tworkosky (Architecture) Dan Brown (Insect Resistance) Michael Wiesnesky (Mapping) Chris Dardick (Genomics) M. Mazzola (Plant Pathology) Y. Zhu (Genomics) T. McNellis (Genomics) J. Schupp (Horticulture)

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Michigan State University:
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USDA ARSWenatchee:
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R. Perry (Rootstocks) G. Lang
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Washington State University:
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PENN State University:
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K. Evans, B. Barrit (Scion Breeding) D. Main (BioInformatics) Amit Dhingra Cameron Peace B. Beers A. Baldo (BioInformatics) P. Forsline (Apple Collection)

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USDA ARS PGRU:
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Over 40 scientists as NC-140 collaborators Washington Tree Fruit ResearchCommission – Tom Auvil International Collaborators

Historical Perspective
Drs. Cummins and Aldwickle start selecting parents for apple rootstock breeding program G.11 G.65 G.30 NOVOLE G.202 G.16 G.41 G.935 G.214 G.969 G.890 G.210 2008

1968

1978

1988

1998

Robusta 5 identified as a good parent for fire blight resistance

Dr. Cummins retires Dr. Johnson with USDA ARS

Dr. Fazio withUSDA ARS

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS of GENEVA® ROOTSTOCKS
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Disease Resistance
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Fire Blight Crown and Root Rot (Phytophthora) Wooly Apple Aphid Replant Disease Complex

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Precocity – at least as good as M.9 Productivity/Yield Efficiency – as good or better than M.9 Low suckering and burr knots Cold hardiness

Rootstocks have different capabilities to absorbnutrients!
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We grafted an array of apple rootstock with the same scion (Gala). Placed replicates in pots with soil having different pH (4.5-8.5). Conducted leaf nutrient analysis on leaves of replicates for Macro (NPK) and Micro (Fe, Ca, Ni, Mg, Mn, Mo, Zn) nutrients. Nutrient content varied according to pH and rootstock genotype!!!

Mean

0.0 Rootstock
B.10 B.118 B.490 B.9CG.2006 CG.2406 CG.3007 CG.4002 CG.4011 CG.4019 CG.4094 CG.4113 CG.4172 CG.4214 CG.4814 CG.5012 CG.5257 CG.5757 CG.5890 CG.5935 CG.6001 CG.6589 CG.6874 CG.6969 G.11 G.16 G.202 G.30 G.41 G.65 M.26EMLA M.9T2337 Marubakaido MM.111 4.5 5.5

0.2 pH

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8 Fitted Means

Mean Values of Leaf Molybdenum (ug/g DW)

6.5

7.5

8.5

Mean

10

1112

13

14

15

6 Rootstock
B.10 B.118 B.490 B.9 CG.2006 CG.2406 CG.3007 CG.4002 CG.4011 CG.4019 CG.4094 CG.4113 CG.4172 CG.4214 CG.4814 CG.5012 CG.5257 CG.5757 CG.5890 CG.5935 CG.6001 CG.6589 CG.6874 CG.6969 G.11 G.16 G.202 G.30 G.41 G.65 M.26EMLA M.9T2337 Marubakaido MM.111 4.5 5.5

7 pH

8

9

Fitted Means

Mean Values of Leaf Calcium (mg/g DW)

6.5

7.5

8.5Pictures by Todd Holleran and Dariusz Kviklys

What does a root system do?
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Interface with soil
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Root penetration Soil chemistry (pH) Soil microbes Compete with other roots Active absorption and transport of macro and micronutrients

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Collect nutrients, water
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Fight infections Survive/Thrive in climate

Is the choice of apple rootstocks just about dwarfing today?          

Perform well in nursery period Induce precocity (early production) Resist diseases (Fire Blight, Replant, etc.) Induce high consistent yields Grow fruit NOT wood – partition resources Interact well with training systems Propagate well Be compatible with scion varieties Well anchored – strong root systems Induce flat branching Efficient uptake of water and nutrients...