Teconología y conociemiento

1. What are intellectual property rights, and why are they important in today’s global markets?
IPRs are the rights to control use of intellectual property, such as inventions or creative worlds. They are important because through them governments all around the world can have certain control and regulation in the global markets. 
2. Compare and contrast the mercantilist, liberal, andstructuralist views of IPRs. 
These three theories have a very different idea about IPRs. While liberals tend to agree and support on these mechanisms for having a better functioning of free markets and globalization, Mercantilists do recognize the need of State intervention to control IPRs, however they know that these will be based on State’s interests rather than on the best option for markets. Onthe other hand, Structuralists tend to see IPRs as a means for powerful countries and elites to extract some gain from weaker ones. 
3. Describe the nature of the TRIP’s provisions. Provide arguments both for and against stronger IPR protections in poor countries. 
The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is an international agreement administered by theWorld Trade Organization (WTO) that sets down minimum standards for many forms of intellectual property regulation as applied to nationals of other WTO Members. It was negotiated at the end of the Uruguay Round of the GATT in 1994. Specifically, TRIPS requires WTO members to provide copyright rights, covering content producers including performers, producers of sound recordings and broadcastingorganizations; geographical indications, including appellations of origin; industrial designs; patents; trademarks; trade dress; and undisclosed or confidential information. TRIPS also specify enforcement procedures, remedies, and dispute procedures. Protection and enforcement of all intellectual property rights shall meet the objectives to contribute to the promotion of technological innovation andto the transfer and dissemination of technology, to the mutual advantage of producers and users of technological knowledge and in a manner conducive to social and economic welfare, and to a balance of rights and obligations.
Some of this criticism is against the WTO as a whole, but many advocates of trade liberalization also regard TRIPS as bad policy, for example, Jagdish Bhagwati’s In Defenseof Globalization for a discussion on the detrimental effect of TRIPS on access to medicines in developing countries. TRIPS's wealth redistribution effects (moving money from people in developing countries to copyright and patent owners in developed countries) and its imposition of artificial scarcity on the citizens of countries that would otherwise have had weaker intellectual property laws, arecommon bases for such criticisms. Claude Henry and Joseph E. Stilglitz argue that
the current intellectual property global regime may impede both innovation and dissemination, and suggest reforms to foster the global dissemination of innovation and sustainable development for the developing countries.
4. Provide two examples of piracy and /or counterfeiting. What countries have beenidentified as major sources of pirated or counterfeited products? What do you believe are the best ways for developed countries to deal with violations of IPRs?
The International Intellectual Property Alliance (IIPA) in 2011 conducted a review or update to its "Special 301" in which they accuse the countries and nations with the highest piracy rate and which report major losses to the software industry,music , books and other matters. Two countries that suffer high rates of piracy in the world are Russia and China with the 27% each of the world´s piracy. In order to deal with violations of IPRs countries need to develop and implement strict measures and policies to ensure the property rights, maybe to reduce the costs of the taxes among other things. Success requires constant development of...