To Break The Silence

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TO BREAK THE SILENCE!
Freedom of expression and Indigenous Peoples in Guatemala from a Human Rights Law Perspective

Submitted by
ESTHEIMAN AMAYA SOLANO

To:

PROFESSOR ASBJØRN EIDE
Thesis Advisor

Master of Arts in the Theory and Practice of Human Rights
Norwegian Institute of Human Rights
Faculty of Law, University of Oslo

November 1st, 2002

Table of Contents

PageSummary………………………………………………………………………. 4

Introduction……………………………………………………………………. 5

Chapter I: The indigenous peoples of Guatemala…………………………… 9

I.1. Factual Situation……………………………………………………………… 9
I.2. Indigenous Peoples under International
Human Rights Law………………………………………………………………. 11
I.2.1. The general human rights, to which everyone is entitled……………….. 12
I.2.2. The rights ofpersons belonging to national or ethnic,
religious or linguistic minorities…………………………………………………. 12
I.2.3. The special rights of indigenous peoples and
of indigenous individuals ………………………………………………………… 14
I.2.4. The rights of peoples……………………………………………………….. 17
I.3. Indigenous peoples under domestic law…………………………………….. 18
I.3.1. The Indigenous rights in the peace agreements…………………………. 20

Chapter II: Freedom of expression, media, and the indigenous peoples of Guatemala…………………………………………………………………….. 27

II.1. Freedom of expression from the international law………………………. 27
II.2. Freedom of expression from the domestic law……………………………. 28
II.3. Linguistic rights……………………………………………………………... 30
II.3.1. UN Declarations and Conventions
Relevant to Linguistic Rights……………………………………………………. 30
II.3.2. II.3.2. Inter-American Declarations and Conventions Relevant to Linguistic Rights …………………………………………………………………. 31
II.3.3. Linguistic rights in the domestic law…………………………………….. 31
II.4. The media in Guatemala……………………………………………………. 32
II.4.1. Written media……………………………………………………………… 33
II.4.2. The Guatemalan radio…………………………………………………….. 34
II.4.3. Short-Sighted Television………………………………………………….. 37
II.4.4. New technologies: Internet……………………………………………….. 38
II.5. Indigenous efforts to exercise Freedom of expression…………………….. 42
II.5.1. El Regional -The first Mayan weekly newspaper- ……………………… 43
II.5.2. Career of Journalism for Development………………………………….. 47
II.5.3. Radio Tulán –one of the few Mayan radio stations- ……………………. 48

Chapter III: Education as aprecondition for exercising the right of freedom of expression ………………………………………………………………….. 52

III.1. Freedom of expression and the right of education………………………. 52
III.2. The right to education under international human rights law…………. 54
III.3. The Convention on the Rights of the Child……………………………… 56
III.4. Indigenous peoples and the right to education…………………………... 57
III.5.International response to the indigenous educational claims. ………….. 59

Chapter IV: Guatemalan responsibility in providing appropriate means to the indigenous peoples for exercising the right to freedom of expression….. 63

IV.1. General obligations…………………………………………………………….. 63
IV.2. State obligation in regard to freedom of expression…………………………. 65
IV.3. State obligation in regard to the rightto education………………………….. 67
IV.4. State obligations with indigenous peoples in regard to Education
and Freedom of Expression………………………………………………………….. 69
IV.5. The principle of non-discrimination…………………………………………... 72
IV.6. The concept of Affirmative Action……………………………………………. 73

Chapter V: International community’s responsibility to protect indigenous rights…………………………………………………………………………….. 76Conclusions and tentative proposals………………………………………….. 81

Bibliography …………………………………………………………………… 83
Summary

This paper aims at contributing to the discussion of the democratizing process in Guatemala by analyzing the indigenous peoples' exercise of freedom of expression after the ending of the armed conflict and in the framework of the peace...
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