Verbs

Páginas: 6 (1384 palabras) Publicado: 25 de junio de 2011
VERBS

• A FULL VERB is a word that expresses the existent of a state or the doing of an action.

• The term VERB can be used in two sentences: as a clause element and as a word class.

• As a word class, verbs can be divided into:
- FULL OR LEXICAL VERB.
- PRIMARY AUXILIARY VERBS.
- MODAL VERBS.

• The full verb may occur alone or with other verb elements in a verbphrase. If there’s only one verb, the verb phrase is SIMPLE, if there’re more, it’s COMPLEX.

• OPERATORS are the first or only auxiliary in the verb phrase, they help carry out some operations in a sentence (negation, question, emphasis, elliptical answers). When there is no auxiliary, we introduce the DUMMY OPERATOR DO.

• TENSE is a grammatical category realized by verb inflection. It’sunderstood as the correspondence between our concept of time and the form of the verb. (Past and present)

• TIME is a universal, non linguistic concept with three types of reference: past, present and future.

• ASPECT is a grammatical category that concerns the way in which the speaker experiences the action implied by the verb as completed or in progress.

• There are 8 verb tenses: presentsimple, present progressive, present perfect, present perfect progressive, past simple, past progressive, past perfect and past perfect progressive.

• There are 6 VERBAL FORMS:
- BASE FORM (modals, imperatives and present form except the verb be)
- INFINITIVE (bare infinitive and to infinitive)
- -S FORM
- PAST FORM (and should, could, would, might)
- PRESENT PARTICIPLE (theprogressive aspect)
- PAST PARTICIPLE (the perfect aspect and the passive voice)

SEMANTIC CLASSIFICATION OF VERBS

• A full verb may refer to an event, that is, actions which are deliberate or voluntary or to changing situations. They have a beginning and an end. These verbs are called EVENT or ACTIVITY verbs and can be used in the progressive and the simple aspect.

• A full verb mayalso refer to a state, that is, to involuntary situations or acts, feelings, experiences, etc. They are called STATIVE verbs. They continue over a period of time, they don’t need to have a clear beginning or end. They are not generally used in the progressive aspect.

STATE MEANING OF VERBS

• State verbs of being and having: include the notions of existence and relationship. (Be, belong,concern, exist, have, include, involve, lack, matter, need, own, possess, remain, resemble, require, seem, tend, etc.) The verb BE in the progressive aspect means a temporary behavior and when it’s in the simple aspect it means an inherent trait of character.

• Verbs of inert cognition: they refer to mental states. (Forget, believe, hope, imagine, know, suppose, understand, remember, think, etc)When used in the progressive aspect, we speak of a mental activity.

• Verbs of emotion or attitude: (abhor, adore, agree, love, like, prefer, wish, etc.) The progressive aspect is more polite.

• Verbs of inert perception: (Feel, hear, smell, taste, etc.) They are related to our senses. Feel, taste and smell can also be used to indicate active perception.

• Verbs of bodily sensation: (ache,feel, itch, hurt, tickle, etc.) They express internal sensations of the body.

• Stance verbs: They are intermediate between the stative and dynamic categories. (Live, stand, sit, lie.) They can be used with the simple aspect to express a permanent state and with the progressive aspect to express a temporary state.

DYNAMIC OR EVENT MEANING OF VERBS

• Dynamic Durative verbs: they denoteactivities or situations which are capable of having duration.
- Activity verbs (Inanimate forces)
- Activity verbs (Animate agents)
- Process verbs: they denote a change of state taking place over a period of time. (change, deteriorate, grow)
- Accomplishment verbs: actions or activities which take place over a period of time and has a goal. (Finish, knit, read, write, make.)...
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