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Publicado: 17 de abril de 2012
openSUSE
11.4
March 11, 2011
www.novell.com System Analysis and Tuning Guide
System Analysis and Tuning Guide
Copyright © 2006– 2011 Novell, Inc. and contributors. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or (at your option) version 1.3; with the Invariant Section beingthis copyright notice and license. A copy of the license version 1.2 is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. For Novell trademarks, see the Novell Trademark and Service Mark list http://www.novell .com/company/legal/trademarks/tmlist.html. Linux* is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. All other third party trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Atrademark symbol (®, ™ etc.) denotes a Novell trademark; an asterisk (*) denotes a third party trademark. All information found in this book has been compiled with utmost attention to detail. However, this does not guarantee complete accuracy. Neither Novell, Inc., SUSE LINUX Products GmbH, the authors, nor the translators shall be held liable for possible errors or the consequences thereof. Contents
About This Guide Part I Basics 1 General Notes on System Tuning
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Be Sure What Problem to Solve Rule Out Common Problems . . Finding the Bottleneck . . . . Step-by-step Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix 1 3
3 4 4 5
Part IISystem Monitoring 2 System Monitoring Utilities
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 Multi-Purpose Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . The /proc File System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hardware Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Files and File Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . User Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time and Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Graph Your Data: RRDtool . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
7 9
9 17 23 27 30 33 36 38 40 41 42
3 Monitoring with Nagios
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Features of Nagios . . . Installing Nagios . . . . Nagios Configuration Files Configuring Nagios . . . Troubleshooting . . . . For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
49 49 50 53 57 57
4 Analyzing and Managing System Log Files
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 System Log Files in /var/log/ . . . Viewing and Parsing Log Files . . . . Managing Log Files with logrotate Monitoring Log Files with logwatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
59 62 62 64
Part III Kernel Monitoring 5 SystemTap—Filtering and Analyzing System Data
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Conceptual Overview Installation and Setup Script Syntax . . . . Example Script . . . For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67 69
70 73 84 92 93
6 Kernel Probes
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Supported Architectures Types of Kernel Probes Kernel probes API . . . Debugfs Interface . . . For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
11.4
March 11, 2011
www.novell.com System Analysis and Tuning Guide
System Analysis and Tuning Guide
Copyright © 2006– 2011 Novell, Inc. and contributors. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or (at your option) version 1.3; with the Invariant Section beingthis copyright notice and license. A copy of the license version 1.2 is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”. For Novell trademarks, see the Novell Trademark and Service Mark list http://www.novell .com/company/legal/trademarks/tmlist.html. Linux* is a registered trademark of Linus Torvalds. All other third party trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Atrademark symbol (®, ™ etc.) denotes a Novell trademark; an asterisk (*) denotes a third party trademark. All information found in this book has been compiled with utmost attention to detail. However, this does not guarantee complete accuracy. Neither Novell, Inc., SUSE LINUX Products GmbH, the authors, nor the translators shall be held liable for possible errors or the consequences thereof. Contents
About This Guide Part I Basics 1 General Notes on System Tuning
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Be Sure What Problem to Solve Rule Out Common Problems . . Finding the Bottleneck . . . . Step-by-step Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix 1 3
3 4 4 5
Part IISystem Monitoring 2 System Monitoring Utilities
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 Multi-Purpose Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . System Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . The /proc File System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hardware Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Files and File Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . User Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time and Date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Graph Your Data: RRDtool . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .
7 9
9 17 23 27 30 33 36 38 40 41 42
3 Monitoring with Nagios
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Features of Nagios . . . Installing Nagios . . . . Nagios Configuration Files Configuring Nagios . . . Troubleshooting . . . . For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
49 49 50 53 57 57
4 Analyzing and Managing System Log Files
4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 System Log Files in /var/log/ . . . Viewing and Parsing Log Files . . . . Managing Log Files with logrotate Monitoring Log Files with logwatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
59 62 62 64
Part III Kernel Monitoring 5 SystemTap—Filtering and Analyzing System Data
5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Conceptual Overview Installation and Setup Script Syntax . . . . Example Script . . . For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67 69
70 73 84 92 93
6 Kernel Probes
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Supported Architectures Types of Kernel Probes Kernel probes API . . . Debugfs Interface . . . For More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
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