Advanced earthquake

Advanced Earthquake Resistant Design Techniques
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The conventional approach to earthquake resistant design of buildingsdepends upon providing the building with strength, stiffness and inelastic deformation capacity which are great enough to withstand a given level of earthquake–generated force. This is generallyaccomplished through the selection of an appropriate structural configuration and the careful detailing of structural members, such as beams and columns, and the connections between them. Incontrast, we can say that the basic approach underlying more advanced techniques for earthquake resistance is not to strengthen the building, but to reduce the earthquake–generated forces acting uponit. Among the most important advanced techniques of earthquake resistant design and construction are base isolation and energy dissipation devices

Base Isolation
It is easiest to see thisprinciple at work by referring directly to the most widely used of these advanced techniques, which is known as base isolation. A base isolated structure is supported by a series of bearing padswhich are placed between the building and the building’s foundation.(See Figure 1) A variety of different types of base isolation bearing pads have now been developed. For our example, we’lldiscuss lead–rubber bearings. These are among the frequently– used types of base isolation bearings. (See Figure 2) A lead–rubber bearing is made from layers of rubber sandwiched together with layersof steel. In the middle of the bearing is a solid lead “plug.” On top and bottom, the bearing is fitted with steel plates which are used to attach the bearing to the building and foundation. Thebearing is very stiff and strong in the vertical direction, but flexible in the horizontal direction.

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