Akfdsk

Modern Periodic Table

s- and p-orbitals
‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals

1s

2s
n=2 l=0 ml = 0

2p
n=2 l=0 ml = -1 ml = 0

H: 1s1
n=1 l=0 ml = 0 ml = 1

s- and p-orbitals‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals

1s

2s
n=2 l=0 ml = 0

2p
n=2 l=0 ml = -1 ml = 0

He: 1s2
n=1 l=0 ml = 0 ml = 1

s- and p-orbitals
‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals

1s

2s
n=2l=0 ml = 0

2p
n=2 l=0 ml = -1 ml = 0

Li: 1s2 2s1
n=1 l=0 ml = 0 ml = 1

s- and p-orbitals
‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals

1s

2s
n=2 l=0 ml = 0

2p
n=2 l=0 ml = -1 ml = 0Be: 1s2 2s2
n=1 l=0 ml = 0 ml = 1

s- and p-orbitals
‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals

1s

2s

2p

B: 1s2 2s22p1
‘core’ closed shell open shell: valence electrons

s- andp-orbitals
‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals

1s

2s

2p

C: 1s2 2s22p2
Hund’s rule: maximum number of unpaired electrons is the lowest energy arrangement.

s- and p-orbitals
‘Aufbau’Principle: filling orbitals

1s

2s

2p

N: 1s2 2s22p3 O: 1s2 2s22p4

s- and p-orbitals
‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals

1s

2s

2p

F: 1s2 2s22p5 Ne: 1s2 2s22p6

s- andp-orbitals
‘Aufbau’ Principle: filling orbitals

Na: 1s22s22p63s1 Mg: 1s22s22p63s2

or [Ne]3s1 or [Ne]3s2

P: [Ne]3s23p3 Ar: [Ne]3s23p6

d-orbitals
4s 3s E 2s 3d 3p 2p

1s Due to deeperpenetration of s-orbitals, 4s lies lower in energy than 3d

d-orbitals

K: 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 or [Ar]4s1 Ca: [Ar]4s2 Sc: [Ar]4s23d1 V: [Ar]4s23d3 Cr: [Ar]4s13d5

Co: [Ar]4s23d7 Cu: [Ar]4s13d10 Zn:[Ar]4s23d10 Ga: [Ar]4s23d104p1 Kr: [Ar]4s23d104p6

‘s’-groups

Beyond the d-orbitals

‘p’-groups

d-transition elements

lanthanides actinides
f-transition elements

Aufbau rules
1. Withina shell (n) the filling order is s>p>d>f 2. Within a subshell (l), lowest energy arrangement has the highest number of unpaired spin (Hund’s rule) 3. The (n+1)s orbitals always fill before the nd...