Apa 2012

References/Bibliography APA
Based on the “Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association” 5th edition. The “APA style” is a generic author-date style for citing and referencing information in assignments and publications. There are many styles which follow the author-date convention, including the Harvard style and the Chicago Manual of Style. This guide is based on the AmericanPsychological Association’s Publication Manual, 5th edition. Note: Before you write your list of references, check with your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the School. There may be differences in the style recommended by the School.

What is referencing?
Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in yourassignments and which allows the sources to be identified.

Why reference?
Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to follow up what you have written and more fully understand the cited author’s work.

Steps in referencing
• • • • • Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the source from which information is taken.Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document. Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document. In an author-date style, in-text citations usually require the name of the author(s) and the year of publication. A page number is included if you have a direct quote, paraphrase a passage or you want to direct the reader to a specificpage or idea. Page numbers may also be included if the you are referring to a long work and the page numbers might be useful to the reader. A reference list includes just the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the text of the document. A bibliography includes all sources consulted for background or further reading. A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an itemhas no author, it is cited by title, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title. If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, starting with the earliest publication. Each reference appears on a new line. Each item in the reference list is required to have a hanging indent. References should not be numbered.

In-textcitations

How to create a reference list/bibliography
• • • • • •

Referencing Software
The University of Queensland Library provides access to EndNote and RefWorks which assist in creating reference lists. The APA 5th style is included with the Endnote program. You can also download an additional APA style from the UQ Library that includes the “APA Style Guide to Electronic References” athttp://www.library.uq.edu.au/faqs/endnote/styles.html

Book
Elements of the citation
Author(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of book – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.

Reference type One author

In-text examples Sophisticated searching techniques are important in finding information (Berkman, 1994) OR Berkman(1994, p. 25) claimed that …

Reference list example Berkman, R. I. (1994). Find it fast: How to uncover expert information. New York: Harper Perrenial.

EndNote Book

Two to six authors

It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable (Moir & Jessel, 1991) OR Moir and Jessel (1991) found students… Always list the authors in the order they appear in the publication.

Moir, A., &Jessel, D. (1991). Brain sex: the real difference between men and women. London: Mandarin.

Book

Six or more authors

It was argued that…(Johnson et al., 2005) OR Johnson et al. (2005) talks about… Cite just the last name of the first author

Johnson, L., Lewis, K., Peters, M., Harris, Y., Moreton, G., Morgan, B. et al. (2005). How far Is far? London: McMillan. When a work has more...