Cities And Citizenship

Eisenstein, Zillah R. 1988. The Female Body and the Law. Berkeley: University of California Press. Ferguson, Russell, Martha Gever, Trinh T. Minh-ha, and Cornel West, eds. 1990. Out There: Marginalization and Contemporary Cultures. Cambridge: MIT Press. Hannerz, Ulf. 1992. Cultural Complexity: Studies in the Social Organization of Meaning. New York: Columbia University Press. Holston, James.1989. TheModernist City: An Anthropological Critique of Brasilia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1995. "Spaces of Insurgent Citizenship." Planning Theory 13: 35-51. "Justice in a Disjunctive Democracy: Judicial Reform, Alternative Law, and Social Conflict in Brazil." Latín American Research Review, forthcoming. Rallen, Horace M . 1924. Culture and Democracy in the United States. New York: Boniand Liveright. Marshall, T. H . 1977. [1949]. "Citizenship and Social Class."In Class, Citizenship, and Social Development. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 71-134. Okin, Susan Moller. 1992. "Women, Equality, and Citizenship." Queens's Quarterly 99(1): 56-71. Patcman, Carole. 1989. The Disorderof Women. Stanfbrd: Stanford University Press. Rawls, John. 1988. T h e Priority of Right and theIdeas of the Good." Philosophy and Public Affairs 17: 151-176. Sandel, Michael. 1982. Liberalism and the Limits pf Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sas$en, Saskia. 1991. The Global City: New York, hondón, Tokyo. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Schjesinger, Arthur. 1992. The DisunitingofAmerica. New York: W . W . Norton. Schuck, Peter H . 1989. "Membership in the Liberal Polity:The Devaluation of American Citizenship." In Immigration and the tfolitics of Citizenship in Narth America, William Brubaker, ed. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America, 51-65. Scótt, Joan W . 1992. "Multiculturalism and the Politics of Identíty." October 61: 12-19. Taylor, Charles. 1992. "Multiculturalism and the Politics of Recognition." In Multiculturalism and the Politics ofRecognition, Charles Taylor, edited with commentary by Amy Gutmann. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 3-73. Wajzer, Michael. 1983. Spheres of Justice: A Defefice óf Pluralism and Equaliry. $íew York: Basic Books. Wajrner, Michael, ed. 1993! Fear of a Queer Plqnet. Minneapolis: University qf Minnesota Press.

Cities and Citizenship
James Holston and Arjun Appadurai

hy cities? Why citizenship?Since the eighteenth ceritury, one of the defining marks of modernity has been the use of two linked concepts of association—citizenship and nationality—to establish the meariing of full membership in society. Citizenship rather than subjectship or kinship or cultship has defined the prerogatives and encumbrances of that membership, and the natíonstate rather than the neighborhood or the city or theregión estahlished its scope. What it means to be a member of society in many áreas of thé world carne to be understood, to a signifícant degree, in terms of what it meañs to be a rightbearing citizen of a territorial nation-state. Undeniably, this historical development has been boíh revolutionary and democratic, even as it has also been conservative and exclüsionary. On the one hand, for personsdeemed eligible, nation-states have sought to establish citizenship as that identity which subordinates and coordinates all other identities—of religión, estáte, family, gender, ethnicity, región, and the like—to its framework of a uniform body of law. Overwhelming other titles with its universal citoyen, citizenship thus erodes local hierarchies, statuses, and privileges in favor of nationaljurisdictibns and contractual relations based in principie on an equality of rights. On the other hand, the mobilizations of those excluded from the circle of citizens, their rallies against the hypocrisies of its ideology of universal equality and respect, have expanded democracies everywhere: they genérate new kinds of citizens, new sources of

Public Culture 1996, 8: 187-204 ©1996 by The...