Como Editar Canciones Con Audacity

Nyquist Reference Manual
Version 2.36

Copyright 2007 by Roger B. Dannenberg
5 March 2007

Carnegie Mellon University
School of Computer Science
Pittsburgh, PA 15213, U.S.A.

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PREFACE

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Preface
This manual is a guide for users of Nyquist, a language for composition and sound synthesis. Nyquist
grew out of a series of research projects, notably the languagesArctic and Canon. Along with Nyquist,
these languages promote a functional style of programming and incorporate time into the language
semantics.
Please help by noting any errors, omissions, or suggestions you may have. You can send your
suggestions to Dannenberg@CS.CMU.EDU (internet) via computer mail, or by campus mail to Roger
B. Dannenberg, School of Computer Science, or by ordinary mail toRoger B. Dannenberg, School of
Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15213-3890, USA.
Nyquist is a successor to Fugue, a language originally implemented by Chris Fraley, and extended by
George Polly and Roger Dannenberg. Peter Velikonja and Dean Rubine were early users, and they
proved the value as well as discovered some early problems of the system.This led to Nyquist, a
reimplementation of Fugue by Roger Dannenberg with help from Joe Newcomer and Cliff Mercer. Ning
Hu ported Zheng (Geoffrey) Hua and Jim Beauchamp’s piano synthesizer to Nyquist and also built
NyqIDE, the Nyquist Interactive Development Environment for Windows. Dave Mowatt contributed the
original version of jNyqIDE, the cross-platform interactive development environment.Dominic Mazzoni
made a special version of Nyquist that runs within the Audacity audio editor, giving Nyquist a new
interface and introducing Nyquist to many new users.
Many others have since contributed to Nyquist. Chris Tchou and Morgan Green worked on the
Windows port. Eli Brandt contributed a number of filters and other synthesis functions. Pedro J. Morales,
Eduardo Reck Miranda, AnnLewis, and Erich Neuwirth have all contributed nyquist examples found in
the demos folder of the Nyquist distribution. Philip Yam ported some synthesis functions from Perry
Cook and Gary Scavone’s STK to Nyquist. Dave Borel wrote the Dolby Pro-Logic encoding library and
Adam Hartman wrote stereo and spatialization effects. Stephen Mangiat wrote the MiniMoog emulator.
The Xmusic library,particularly the pattern specification, was inspired by Rick Taube’s Common Music.
The functions for generating probability distributions were implemented by Andreas Pfenning.
Many others have made contributions, offered suggestions, and found bugs. If you were expecting to
find your name here, I apologize for the omission, and please let me know.
I also wish to acknowledge support from CMU, Yamaha, andIBM for this work.

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NYQUIST MANUAL

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

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1. Introduction and Overview
Nyquist is a language for sound synthesis and music composition. Unlike score languages that tend to
deal only with events, or signal processing languages that tend to deal only with signals and synthesis,
Nyquist handles both in a single integrated system. Nyquist isalso flexible and easy to use because it is
based on an interactive Lisp interpreter.
With Nyquist, you can design instruments by combining functions (much as you would using the
orchestra languages of Music V, cmusic, or Csound). You can call upon these instruments and generate a
sound just by typing a simple expression. You can combine simple expressions into complex ones to
create a wholecomposition.
Nyquist runs under any Unix environment, MacOS, Windows 95, and Windows NT, and it produces
sound files as output (or direct audio output under Windows). Under Unix, if you can play a sound file by
typing a command to a Unix shell, then you can get Nyquist to play sounds for you. Nyquist is currently
configured to run on an IBM RS6000 with an ACPA audio board, or a NeXT machine,...