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Groovy and Grails Recipes

Bashar Abdul-Jawad

Groovy and Grails Recipes Copyright © 2009 by Bashar Abdul-Jawad All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner andthe publisher. ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4302-1600-1 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4302-1601-8 Printed and bound in the United States of America 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Trademarked names may appear in this book. Rather than use a trademark symbol with every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use the names only in an editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringementof the trademark. Java™ and all Java-based marks are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc., in the US and other countries. Apress, Inc., is not affiliated with Sun Microsystems, Inc., and this book was written without endorsement from Sun Microsystems, Inc. Lead Editors: Steve Anglin, Tom Welsh Technical Reviewer: Dave Klein Editorial Board: Clay Andres, Steve Anglin, MarkBeckner, Ewan Buckingham, Tony Campbell, Gary Cornell, Jonathan Gennick, Michelle Lowman, Matthew Moodie, Jeffrey Pepper, Frank Pohlmann, Ben Renow-Clarke, Dominic Shakeshaft, Matt Wade, Tom Welsh Project Manager: Kylie Johnston Copy Editor: Sharon Wilkey Associate Production Director: Kari Brooks-Copony Production Editor: Kelly Gunther Compositor: Lynn L’Heureux Proofreaders: Linda Seifert andPatrick Vincent Indexer: Carol Burbo Artist: April Milne Cover Designer: Kurt Krames Manufacturing Director: Tom Debolski Distributed to the book trade worldwide by Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 233 Spring Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10013. Phone 1-800-SPRINGER, fax 201-348-4505, e-mail , or visit . For information on translations, please contact Apress directly at 2855 Telegraph Avenue,Suite 600, Berkeley, CA 94705. Phone 510-549-5930, fax 510-549-5939, e-mail , or visit . Apress and friends of ED books may be purchased in bulk for academic, corporate, or promotional use. eBook versions and licenses are also available for most titles. For more information, reference our Special Bulk Sales–eBook Licensing web page at . The information in this book is distributed on an “as is” basis,without warranty. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this work, neither the author(s) nor Apress shall have any liability to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damage caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by the information contained in this work. The source code for this book is available to readers at .

To my son, Ameen BasharAbdul-Jawad. I will always love you.

Contents at a Glance
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv About the Technical Reviewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi

PART 1
CHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4 CHAPTER 5 CHAPTER 6 CHAPTER 7 CHAPTER 8 CHAPTER 9

Groovy by Example
Getting Started with Groovy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 From Java to Groovy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Groovy Data Types and Control Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Object-Oriented Groovy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Closures . . ....