Concepts Of Discourse Analysis

Adjacency pairs
An adjacency pair uses two utterances by two speakers, one after the other. The speaking of the first utterance (the first-pair part, or the first turn) provokes a respondingutterance (the second-pair part, or the second turn).
• greeting → greeting
"Heya!" → "Oh, hi!"
In conversation analysis, a two-part exchange in which the second utterance is functionally dependent on thefirst, as exhibited in conventional greetings, invitations, and requests.
An adjacency pair is a type of turn-taking. It is the smallest unit of conversational exchange.
Exchanges

An exchangeis a basic constructional unit of interaction consists of related pairs of moves, e.g., question and answer
Turn-taking
A term for the manner in which orderly conversation normally takes place. Inconversation, the roles of speaker and listener change constantly. The person who speaks first becomes a listener as soon as the person addressed takes his or her turn in the conversation by beginningto speak. Conversations need to be organized therefore there are rules or principles for establishing who talks and then who talks next. This process is called turn taking.

The study of turn takingincludes,
1.Turn constructional component
2. turn allocational component or turn taking rules
3. implicit and explicit markers.

Sacks suggested some guiding principles for the organization ofturn taking in conversation. He observed that the central principle that speakers follow in taking turns is to avoid gaps and overlap in conversation.
Interactional and transactional talkTransaction is made up of sequences of exchanges united by a single task (e.g., teacher´s explanation)
That function which language serves in the expression of ‘content’ we will describe as transactional, andthat function involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes we will describe as interactional. Our distinction ‘transactional / interactional’, stands in general correspondence to...