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Old English
Is an early form of the English language that was spoken and written by the Anglo-Saxons and their descendants in parts of what are now England and southern and eastern Scotland, morespecifically in the England Old Period, between at least the mid-5th century and the mid-12th century. What survives through writing represents primarily the literary register of Anglo-Saxon.
It isa West Germanic language closely related to Old Frisian. Old English had a grammar similar in many ways to Classical Latin, and was much closer to modern German and Icelandic than modern English in mostrespects, including its grammar. It was fully inflected with five grammatical cases(nominative, accusative, genitive, dative, and instrumental), two grammatical numbers (singular and plural) andthree grammatical genders (masculine,feminine, and neuter). First and second person personal pronouns also had dual forms for referring to groups of two people, in addition to the usual singular andplural forms. The instrumental case was somewhat rare and occurred only in the masculine and neuter singular; it could typically be replaced by the dative. Adjectives, pronouns and (sometimes) participlesagreed with their antecedent nouns in case, number and gender. Finite verbs agreed with their subject in person and number.
Nouns came in numerous declensions (with deep parallels in Latin, AncientGreek and Sanskrit). Verbs came in nine main conjugations (seven strongand two weak), each with numerous subtypes, as well as a few additional smaller conjugations and a handful of irregular verbs.The main difference from other ancient Indo-European languages, such as Latin, is that verbs can be conjugated in only two tenses (vs. the six "tenses" – really tense/aspect combinations – of Latin),and have no synthetic passive voice (although it did still exist in Gothic).
Gender in nouns was grammatical, as opposed to the natural gender that prevails in modern English. That is, the...