Critica

Cardiac Changes After Simulated Behind Armor Blunt Trauma or Impact of Nonlethal Kinetic Projectile Ammunition.
Background: Cardiac-related injuries caused by blunt chest trauma remain a severe problem. The aim of this study was to investigate pathophysiological changes in the heart that might arise after behind armor blunt trauma or impacts of nonlethal projectiles.
Methods: Sixteen pigs wereshot directly ay the sternum with “Sponge Round eXact I Mpact”(nonlethal ammunition ; diameter 40 mm and wealth 28 g) or hard-plastic ammunition; (diameter 65 mm and weight 58g) to simulate behind armor blunt trauma. To evaluate the influence of the shot location, seven additional pigs where exposed to an oblique heard shot physiologic parameters, electrocardiography, echocardiogram, thebiochemical marker troponin I (TNL), and myocardial injuries were analyzed.
Results: Nonlethal kinetic projectiles (101-108 m/s; 143-163) did not cause sig pigs shot with pathophysiological changes. Five of 18 pigs shot with 65-mm plastic projectiles (99-133 m/s;248/513 J) to the front or side of the thorax died directly after the shot. No major physiologic changes could be observed in survivinganimals. Animals shot with an oblique significant decrease in saturation Energy levels over 300 J caused increased Tnl and myocardial damages in mort of the pigs.
Conclusion: this study indicates that nonlethal kinetic projectiles “eXact iMpact” does not cause heart-related damage under the examined conditions On impact sudden heart arrest may occur independently from the cardiac’ s electrical cycle .The cardiac enzyme, Tnl, can be use as a reliable diagnostic marker to detect heart tissue damages after blunt chest trauma.
Key Words. Forensic medicine Nonlethal ammunition, Blunt chest trauma, BABT, heart contusion, Troponin, Commotion cordis.
Cardiac-related injuries caused by blunt chest trauma remain a severe problem in intensive care units. It has been estimated cause of death ispresent in over 20% of all trauma-associated casualties appearing before entering the hospital. Although most myocardial damages occur in motor vehicle collisions or fall from heights, other blunt mechanisms such as blows to the chest from heights, other blunt mechanisms such as blows to the chest from baseballs, hockey pucks, any other relatively hear object can also cause such injury. The clinicalpresentation varies from animal skin injuries with no actual cellular damage to bleedings within the heart muscles, cardiac chamber rupture, or sudden disturbance of heart rhythm, also known as commotion cordis.
A similar mechanism could arise when so-called nonlethal projectiles such as the “eXact iMpact” are being shot into the chest wall. These projectiles have been developed as a rather safealternative use to control riots. Although such nonlethal projectiles are designed to avoid skin penetration, impacts may still create major trauma with associate severe injuries to underlying internal organs, which in some cases might even result in death. However changes after impact of nonlethal ammunition to the thorax is still too poor applied energy and resulting injury.
Blunt cardiac traumamay also occur in so-called behind armor blunt trauma (BABT),where a protective vest is partly curved into the body because of a ballistic impact. This rapid nonpenetrating impact to the chest wall is the result of a bullet of a bullet or other hard projectiles hitting the surface of a body armor, thus transferring part of the kinetic energy to the underlying tissue. This can lead to suddenoccurrence of apnea, temporary reduction of oxygen station, and hypotension directly after the trauma. Our previous studies also established that these impacts could affect the brain. In addition, we have shown that the most used safety recommendation for protective vests is not sufficient to prevent mortality and pathophysiological effects when being hit by high-velocity projectiles. However, our...