Curso Intensivo De Stata Para Análisis De Datos

«

Innovative Networks
CO-OPERATION IN NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS

SCIENCE AND INNOVATION

Édition 2000

OECD Proceedings

Innovative Networks
CO-OPERATION IN NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960,and which came into force on 30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote policies designed: – to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world economy; – to contribute to soundeconomic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of economic development; and – to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with international obligations. The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands,Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The following countries became Members subsequently through accession at the dates indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th May 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996),Poland (22nd November 1996), Korea (12th December 1996) and the Slovak Republic (14th December 2000). The Commission of the European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECD Convention).

© OECD 2001 Permission to reproduce a portion of this work for non-commercial purposes or classroom use should be obtained through the Centre français d’exploitation du droit decopie (CFC), 20, rue des Grands-Augustins, 75006 Paris, France, tel. (33-1) 44 07 47 70, fax (33-1) 46 34 67 19, for every country except the United States. In the United States permission should be obtained through the Copyright Clearance Center, Customer Service, (508)750-8400, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA, or CCC Online: www.copyright.com. All other applications for permission toreproduce or translate all or part of this book should be made to OECD Publications, 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 Paris Cedex 16, France.

FOREWORD

Innovation through the creation, diffusion and use of knowledge has become a key driver of economic growth and provides part of the response to many new societal challenges. However, the determinants of innovation performance have changed in aglobalising knowledge-based economy, partly as a result of recent developments in information and communication technologies. Innovation results from increasingly complex interactions at the local, national and world levels among individuals, firms and other knowledge institutions. Governments exert a strong influence on the innovation process through the financing and steering of public organisationsthat are directly involved in knowledge generation and diffusion (universities, public labs), and through the provision of financial and regulatory incentives. They need a sound conceptual framework and an empirical basis to assess whether and how the contribution of public policy to national innovation performance could be improved. Through a decade of academic research and policy analysis, theNational Innovation Systems (NIS) approach has been developed to provide such framework and quantitative information. The OECD Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy (CSTP), and its Working Party on Technology and Innovation Policy (TIP), has contributed to this development through its NIS project, conducted in two phases. The first phase of the NIS project involved country case studies,...