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A We the People initiative of the National Endowment for the Humanities

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Humanities Texas, the state affiliate of the National Endowment for the Humanities, conducts and supports public programs in history, literature, philosophy, and other humanitiesdisciplines. These programs strengthen Texas communities and ultimately help sustain representative democracy by cultivating informed, educated citizens. www.humanitiestexas.org

ins tit u tes for tex as te achers

The University of North Texas is a recognized student-centered public research university where we harness the power of ideas through a culture of learning based on diverse viewpoints,interdisciplinary endeavors, creativity, and disciplined excellence. This is accomplished through a broad and balanced array of programs where well-prepared students and dedicated scholars and artists collaborate with our local and global communities in the creation, integration, application, and dissemination of knowledge. In this way, UNT creates an enriched and sustainable future for our students,state, nation, and world. www.unt.edu

Trinity University is one of the nation’s top private undergraduate institutions. Noted for its superior academic quality, outstanding faculty, and exceptional academic and residential resources, Trinity is committed to the intellectual, civic, and professional preparation of its students. Located in historic, culturally rich San Antonio, Trinity offers themost relevant education option for talented students today. www.trinity.edu

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The Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration The University of Texas at San Antonio Institute of Texan Cultures

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Cover: Eastman Johnson (American, 1824–1906). The Old Stagecoach, 1871.Oil on canvas, 36 ¼ x 60 ¹/8 in. Milwaukee Art Museum, Layton Art Collection, Gift of Frederick Layton L1888.22.

University of North Texas System Board of Regents 2007–08 Gayle W. Strange, Denton (Chair) Don A. Buchholz, Dallas Charles D. Mitchell, Dallas Robert A. Nickell, Dallas Diana Schulz, Fort Worth Gwyn Shea, Irving Al Silva, San Antonio C. Dan Smith, Plano Rice M. Tilley Jr., Fort WorthJack A. Wall, Dallas Chancellor Lee F. Jackson President Gretchen M. Bataille Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs Wendy K. Wilkins Dean, College of Arts and Sciences Warren. W. Burggren From Disunion to Empire Project Director Randolph B. Campbell, Regents Professor of History

Humanities Texas 2008 Board of Directors Joseph R. Krier, San Antonio (Chair) Julius Glickman, Houston(Vice Chair) Bettye Nowlin, Austin (Secretary) Janie Strauss McGarr, Dallas (Treasurer) Gary M. Bell, Lubbock Leslie D. Blanton, Houston Albert S. Broussard, College Station Maceo C. Dailey Jr., El Paso Virginia Dudley, Comanche George M. Fleming, Houston Juliet V. García, Brownsville Miguel Gonzalez-Gerth, Austin Michael L. Klein, Midland/Austin Robert J. Kruckemeyer, Houston William S. Livingston,Austin Nancy Cain Marcus, Dallas Adair Margo, El Paso Thomas R. Mitchell, Laredo Kit T. Moncrief, Fort Worth Tessa Martinez Pollack, San Antonio Catherine L. Robb, Austin Ricardo Romo, San Antonio Linda A. Valdez, Rockport Abraham Verghese, Stanford, CA Mary L. Volcansek, Fort Worth George C. Wright, Prairie View Board Alumni Co-Chairs J. Sam Moore Jr., El Paso Ellen C. Temple, Lufkin William P.Wright Jr., Abilene Executive Director Michael L. Gillette From Disunion to Empire Project Director Eric Lupfer, Director of Grants and Education

Trinity University Board of Trustees 2007–08 George C. Hixon, San Antonio (Chairman) Walter R. Huntley Jr., Atlanta, GA (Vice Chair) Sharon J. Bell, Tulsa, OK (Honorary Vice Chair) Marshall B. Miller Jr., San Antonio (Secretary) Barbara W. Pierce,...