Diseño

When & Why Perform Pipe Stress Analysis (metric units) 1. Lines 75 mm and larger that are: a) connected to rotating equipment b) subject to differential settlement ofconnected equipment and/or supports, or c) with temperatures less than -5 C. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Lines connected to reciprocating equipment such as suction and discharge linesto and from reciprocating compressors. Lines 100 mm and larger connected to air coolers, steam generators, or fired heater tube sections. All size lines with temperatures of300 C and higher. Welded lines 150 mm and larger at a design temperature of 175 C or higher. High pressure lines (over 14,000 kPa). Although systems over 10,000 kPa aresometimes a problem, particularly with restraint arrangements. Lines subject to external pressure. Thin-walled pipe or duct of 450 mm diameter and over, having an outside diameterover wall thickness ratio (d/t) of more than 90. Lines requiring proprietary expansion devices, such as expansion joints and Victaulic couplings.

10. Underground processlines. Pressures >7000 kPa in underground piping inevitably generates high thrust forces, even at very low expansion temperature differentials. Attention is required onburial techniques, changes in direction, ground entry/exit, or connection to equipment or tanks. Other examples include pump/booster stations, terminals, meter stations andscraper traps. 11. Internally lined process piping & jacketed piping. 12. Lines in critical service. 13. Pressure relief systems. Also relief valve stacks with an inlet pressuregreater than 1100 kPa. 14. Branch line tie-ins of matched size, particularly relief systems tied together or large, branch piping of similar size as piping being connected.