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What Is Genetics?

Genetics is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms. Humans began applying knowledge of genetics in prehistory with the domestication and breeding ofplants and animals. In modern research, genetics provides important tools in the investigation of the function of a particular gene, e.g. analysis of genetic interactions. Within organisms, geneticinformation generally is carried in chromosomes, where it is represented in the chemical structure of particular DNA molecules.

Genes encode the information necessary for synthesizing proteins, which, inturn play a large role in influencing, although, in many instances, do not completely determine, the final phenotype of the organism. The phrase to code for is often used to mean a gene contains theinstructions on how to build a particular protein, as in the gene codes for the protein. Note that the "one gene, one protein" concept is now known to be simplistic. For example, a single gene mayproduce multiple products, depending on how its transcription is regulated.
Classical genetics, Mendelian inheritance
Classical genetics consists of the techniques and methodologies ofgenetics that predate the advent of molecular biology. After the discovery of the genetic code and such tools of cloning as restriction enzymes, the avenues of investigation open to geneticists weregreatly broadened. Some classical genetic ideas have been supplanted with the mechanistic understanding brought by molecular discoveries, but many remain intact and in use, such as the Mendel's laws.Molecular genetics
Molecular genetics builds upon the foundation of classical genetics but focuses on the structure and function of genes at a molecular level.Molecular genetics employs the methods of both classical genetics (such as hybridization) and molecular biology. It is so-called to differentiate it from other sub fields of genetics such as ecological...