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Human Development Research Paper 2010/01 Human Development: De nitions, Critiques, and Related Concepts
Sabina Alkire

United Nations Development Programme Human Development Reports Research Paper June 2010

Human Development Research Paper 2010/01 Human Development: and Related Concepts
Sabina Alkire

United Nations Development Programme

Human Development Reports Research Paper2010/01 June 2010

Human Development: Definitions, Critiques, and Related Concepts
Sabina Alkire

Sabina Alkire is Director of the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, Oxford Department of International Development, Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford, http://ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk/. E-mail: sabina.alkire@qeh.ox.ac.uk. Comments should be addressed by email to the author.Abstract
The purpose of this background paper is: i) to synthesize the discussions regarding the concept of human development, so as to inform the 2010 Report’s definition, and ii) drawing on the extensive policy and academic literatures, to propose relationships between the concept of human development and four related concepts: the Millennium Development Goals, Human Rights, Human Security, andHappiness. Inequality, the duration of outcomes across time, and environmental sustainability are also prominent due to their fundamental importance.

Keywords: human development, capability approach, Millennium Development Goals, human security, human rights, inequality, environment, happiness, process freedom. JEL classification: D6, I3, O1, A13, B5, B2, F0.

The Human Development Research Paper(HDRP) Series is a medium for sharing recent research commissioned to inform the global Human Development Report, which is published annually, and further research in the field of human development. The HDRP Series is a quickdisseminating, informal publication whose titles could subsequently be revised for publication as articles in professional journals or chapters in books. The authors includeleading academics and practitioners from around the world, as well as UNDP researchers. The findings, interpretations and conclusions are strictly those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of UNDP or United Nations Member States. Moreover, the data may not be consistent with that presented in Human Development Reports.

Introduction 1 In his Reflections on HumanDevelopment, Mahbub ul Haq commended far-sighted institutions: When bombs were still raining on London, John Maynard Keynes was preparing the blueprint for the Bretton Woods institutions. When Europe was still at war, Jean Monnet was dreaming about a European Economic Community. When the dust of war still had not begun to settle, the Marshall Plan for the reconstruction of Europe was taking shape. Whenhostility among nations was still simmering, the hopeful design of a United Nations was being approved by the leaders of the world… Like those institutions and authors, the 2010 Human Development Report will be a forwardgazing report. The report will be released at a time of instability – with the new pressures of climate change and meeting the MDGs, the immediate uncertainties about economicstability, new strains on global security and an ever-changing configuration of political leaders. It will be judged not so much by how well it encapsulates and celebrates the past 20 years as by how well it can inspire and steer future policies. Against that context, this background paper reaffirms the concept of human development. It endeavours to articulate a concept that is simple yet rich, full yetopen-ended, flexible yet responsible, normative yet visionary; inspiring yet practical. It does so drawing on the rich tapestry of people, communities and institutions that have engaged human development over the past 20 years, and whose voices, artistic endeavours, criticisms and disappointments have improved it. The preliminary draft of this paper received wide and energetic comments, which have...