Economista

Geneva Centre for the Democratic Control of Armed Forces (DCAF) Working Paper

Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR): Conceptual approaches, specific settings, practical experiences
Reto Rufer

Geneva

GENEVA CENTRE FOR THE DEMOCRATIC CONTROL OF ARMED FORCES (DCAF) WORKING PAPER

Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR): Conceptual approaches, specificsettings, practical experiences

Reto Rufer

Geneva

I would like to thank: Prof. Dr. Heiner Hänggi for his supervision and his valuable inputs, Marc Remillard, Programme Manager with DCAF, Geneva, and Thomas Sunday Davies, former Liberian combatant, for their information and insights from practical experiences.

2005

Table of Contents
1. Introduction......................................................................................... 1 1.1. Hell and Heaven ............................................................................. 1 1.2. Objectives .................................................................................... 2 1.3. Procedure and methodology ............................................................... 5 i) ii) iii) iv) v) 2. Detailedanalysis of case studies ('primary literature') .................................... Short analysis, summarising further important DDR processes ............................ Evaluation of the respective specialised literature ("secondary literature") ............. Interviews with one expert and one ex-combatant ........................................ Forum and conference documents of the"Stockholm Initiative on DDR" (SIDDR) ........

6 6 7 7 8

DDR: Terms, contents and understanding ....................................................... 9 2.1. What is DDR? (1): Terms and definitions ................................................. 9 i) ii) Some confusion: DR, D&R, DDR, DD&R, DRP, DDRR and DDRRR ........................... 9 The definitions of the components of DDR................................................. 9

2.2. "Old hat" or a "truly novel issue"? ........................................................ 11 2.3. The "Integrated Approach" of the UNDPKO .............................................. 13 i) ii) iii) Total concept ................................................................................ 14 Disarmament and Demobilisation ("DD")................................................... 15 Reintegration ................................................................................ 16

2.4. Integrated Approach, Peacebuilding Consensus and Democratic Peace.............. 17 2.5. What is DDR? (2): More than the sequence of "D-D-R". ................................. 19 i) ii) iii) 3. The phases of DDR and theirinterrelationships ........................................... 19 Targets and contents ........................................................................ 20 Technique – Politics - Social engineering .................................................. 21

Analysis and comparison of specific contexts .................................................. 23 3.1. Conflict analysis............................................................................ 24 i) ii) iii) "Greed vs. grievance" ........................................................................ 25 "Communal conflict" ......................................................................... 26 Regional and transnational connections of conflict ....................................... 27

3.2. Post-conflict analysis...................................................................... 28 i) ii) iii) iv) v) Key factors: security and political will .................................................... 29 Peace after a military victory versus after "Symmetry of power" ........................ 30 (Post-) war orders ........................................................................... 30 Failed - and shadow...