Endoci

rneEndocrine system:
Individual cells must work with each other in order to work, the methods of communication are direct, synaptic, paracrine and endocrine
Direct: heart and tissues have gaps between them this allows ions and electrical signals to flow between them , it is very fast and of short range, direct movement through gaps linking cytoplasm adjacent to cellsSynoptic: diffusion from a neuron across a narrow space to a cell with the appropriate receptors, the messenger are neurotransmitters and example is acetylcholine. It is for nervous system nervous cells send info to other cells called synapses and there the aced is released.Paracrine: diffusion through extracellular fluid to nearby cells with appropriate receptors, the messenger local hormones an prostaglandins is an example Endocrine: carried by bloodstream no near or distant cells bearing appropriate receptors, messenger is hormone and example is insulin
In the three other typescells send messenger chemicals throw plasma membranes, then bind with receptors and the cells then response as the messenger, rapid distance
Target cells: cells with receptors that bind a messenger molecules and response to it
Paracrine communication released local hormones allergic response, short action because degraded soon or they are take fast by cellsprostaglandins are fatty acids are local hormones secreted thro the body
endocrine hormones are transported throw target cells and produce by endocrine glands, hormone secretion, hormones in blood stream reach all cells but the ones with receptor for example oxytocin which stimulates contractions during childbirth, changes in hormones are irreversible, themolecules for endocrine are evolutionary ancient no logical explanation there are three type of vertebrate endocrine hormones, peptides, amino acids and steroid peptides: synthesize multiple amino acids like oxytocin, are soluble in water no lipid bind in the target cell plasma this activate and enzyme which synthesized a molecule called second messenger thisregulates cellular activities this send signals to the molecules wihc activates biochemical reactions (enzymes), insulin activates enzyme and remove glucose
Amino acid derivative: synthesized from one or two amino acids, adrenaline or nor epinephrine steroids: synthesized from cholesterol as testosterone, they are lipid soluble they diffuse throw plasma membrane then attacked to receptors then bindwith DNA and then gets in thyroid and bind with extracellular receptor that activate transcriptions

steps: hormones are released then entered the blood and is carried in the body then leaves capillaries and diffuses to tissues, affect cells with receptors and then muscular activity, inside the hormone binds to a receptor on plasma membrane then it activates enzymes, second messenger ATP,this activated other enzymes and then produce different reactions. (amino and peptides)
steroid: steroid hormone diffuses throw plasma membrane, hormone bid to a receptor in nucleus or cytoplasm then bind with DNA producing RNA for specific gene and then catalyze the transcription of DNA in the messenger of RNA.
The released of hormones is released by negative feedback which is a response to achange that tends to counteract the change an restore the system , for example running you loss water and the pituitary glands causes kidneys to reabsorb water and produce urine lot of extra water can cause blood pressure and damage of heart in some cases is controlled by positive feedback (HORMONE RELEASE) A a change is intensified for example child birth baby going out uterus stretch send...