Ensayo 1

Timeline of the history of probability and statistics.
9th Century - Al-Kindi was the first to use statistics to decipher encrypted messages and developed the first code breaking algorithm in theHouse of Wisdom in Baghdad, based on frequency analysis. He wrote a book entitled "Manuscript on Deciphering Cryptographic Messages", containing detailed discussions on statistics
1560s (published1663) – Cardano's Liber de ludo aleae attempts to calculate probabilities of dice throws
1577 – Bartolomé de Medina defends probabilism, the view that in ethics one may follow a probable opinion even ifthe opposite is more probable
17th century
1654 – Pascal and Fermat create the mathematical theory of probability,
1657 – Huygens's De ratiociniis in ludo aleae is the first book on mathematicalprobability,
1662 – Graunt's Natural and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality makes inferences from statistical data on deaths in London,
1693 – Halley prepares the first mortalitytables statistically relating death rate to age,
1710 – Arbuthnot argues that the constancy of the ratio of male to female births is a sign of divine providence,
1713 – Posthumous publication ofJacob Bernoulli's Ars Conjectandi, containing the first derivation of a law of large numbers,
1724 – Abraham de Moivre studies mortality statistics and the foundation of the theory of annuities inAnnuities on Lives,
1733 – Abraham de Moivre introduces the normal distribution to approximate the binomial distribution in probability,
1739 – Hume's Treatise of Human Nature argues that inductivereasoning is unjustified,
1761 – Thomas Bayes proves Bayes' theorem,
1786 – Playfair's Commercial and Political Atlas introduces graphs and bar charts of data,
19th century
1801 – Gauss predicts theorbit of Ceres using a line of best fit
1805 – Adrien-Marie Legendre introduces the method of least squares for fitting a curve to a given set of observations,
1814 – Laplace's Essai philosophique...