Environmental Managment

Environmental Management First Term Exam Topics
Unit 1.1: The Earth, its rocks and minerals
* Label Earth´s layers
Earth Crust
Mantle
Solid CoreMolten Core

* Define three types of rock (igneous, metamorphic, sedimentary) and provide examples of three rock types
  | Igneous | Sedimentary | Metamorphic |
Definition | A new rock on the Earth Crust formed by fire | Second Hand rocks made of sediments | Old igneous or sedimentary rocks that havechange |
Example of Rock Types | Granite and Basalt | Limestone and Clay | Marble and Slate |
How they were formed | By the rise of magma upward the crust and it´s formed when it cools down | By the accumulation of sediment layers on the seabed which are compressec into rocks | By the heat and pressure on an old igneous or sedimentary rock which changes it |

* Classification of mineralsClassification of Minerals | Second Classification | Example |
Metallic Minerals | Ferrous Minerals | Iron |
| Non-Ferrous minerals | Copper, tin, lead, bauxite |
| Precious Minerals | Gold, silver |
Non-Metallic Minerals | Minerals used for industry | Sulphur, salt |
| Minerals used for farming | Postash, phosphates |
| Minerals used for energy supplies | oil, coal |
| PreciousGemstones | diamonds, emeralds |

* Minerals by country (at least 4 countries)
Country | Classification of Minerals | Second Classification | Example |
Zambia | Metallic Minerals | Non-Ferrous Minerals | Copper |
Liberia | Metallic Minerals | Ferrous Minerals | Iron Ore |
Guinea | Metallic Minerals | Non-Ferrous Minerals | Bauxite |
Nigeria | Non-Metallic Minerals | Minerals used forenergy supplies | Oil |

* Importance of minerals for growing economies
Minerals are very important for growing economy as minerals are used for industry which can raise the production of goods people buy, causing them have more money and work on new inventions and also can lead to more urbanization and the growth of cities as industries overwhelm.
* The important minerals of Ecuadorand why are they important
Limestone: Important for being used for creating concrete to build houses in the country
Oil: Most important mineral, economy depends on it as is highly demanded in the world for fuel in machines
Gold: Once the most important mineral, highly expensive and is used for making ornaments.
Unit 1.2: Impacts of Exploiting Minerals and Environmental Conservation
* DeepCast Mining
- What is it?
Mining in a hole that goes deep underground to extract minerals.
- Negative impacts
Unhealthy work conditions, danger of getting injures, leaves waste heaps.
- Positive impacts
Create jobs, improve foreign exchange, creates communities.
* Open Cast Mining
- What is it?
Mining on the top of the ground to extract minerals.
- Negative impacts
Scars areleft on the landscape, noisy, pollutes air with dust.
- Positive impacts
Produce money, improves living conditions, new things can be made up of extracted minerals to make the extraction easier.
* Advantages and Disadvantages of Mining (in general)
- Advantages
Produce money, improves living conditions, new things can be made up of extracted minerals to make the extraction easier, createjobs, improve foreign exchange, creates communities.
- Disadvantages
Scars are left on the landscape, noisy, pollutes air with dust, unhealthy work conditions, danger of getting injures, leaves waste heaps.
* Conservation of Environments Damaged by Mining
- Landscaping: Replace the old top soil
- Restoration: To make land look like before the mining
- Reclamation: To reclaim a land...