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1.Brief history of Al-Andalus (cronology)

After a decisive victory over King Roderic at the Battle of Guadalete on July 19, 711, Tariq ibn-Ziyad, joined by Arab governor Musa ibn Nusayr ofIfriqiya, brought most of the Visigothic Kingdom under Muslim occupation in a seven-year campaign. They crossed the Pyrenees and occupied Visigothic Septimania in southern France. Most of the Iberianpeninsula became part of the expanding Umayyad empire, under the name of Al-Andalus. In the 720s, the Andalusian governors launched several sa'ifa raids into Aquitaine, but were severely defeated by Duke Odothe Great of Aquitaine at the Battle of Toulouse (721). At the Battle of Poitiers in 732, the Andalusian raiding army was defeated by Charles Martel. Relations between Arabs and Berbers in al-Andalushad been tense in the years after the conquest.
Andalusian Arab governor, joined by the remnant of the Syrian army (some 10,000) which had fled across the straits, crushed the Berber rebels in aseries of ferocious battles in 742.  In 756, the exiled Umayyad prince Abd al-Rahman I ousted Yūsuf al-Fihri to establish himself as the Emir of Córdoba. He refused to submit to the Abbasid caliph, asAbbasid forces had killed most of his family. Over a thirty year reign, he established a tenuous rule over much of al-Andalus, overcoming partisans of both the al-Fihri family and of the Abbasidcaliph.For the next century and a half, his descendants continued as emirs of Córdoba, with nominal control over the rest of al-Andalus and sometimes parts of western North Africa, but with real control,particularly over the marches along the Christian border, vacillating depending on the competence of the individual emir. The period of the Caliphate is seen as the golden age of al-Andalus.  Cropsproduced using irrigation, along with food imported from the Middle East, provided the area around Córdoba and some other Andalusī cities with an agricultural economic sector by far the most advanced...