Finanzas Y Negocios Internaionales
Maxim Pinkovskiy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Xavier Sala‐i‐Martin, Columbia University and NBER1
Jan 17th, 2010 Abstract: The conventional wisdom that Africa is not reducing poverty is wrong. Using the methodology of Pinkovskiy and Sala‐i‐Martin (2009), we estimate income distributions, poverty rates, and inequality and welfare indices for African countries for the period 1970‐2006. We show that: (1) African poverty is falling and is falling rapidly. (2) If present trends continue, the poverty Millennium Development Goal of halving the proportion of people with incomes less than one dollar a day will be achieved on time. (3) The growth spurt that began in 1995 decreased African income inequality instead of increasing it. (4) African poverty reduction is remarkably general: it cannot be explained by a large country, or even by a single set of countries possessing some beneficial geographical or historical characteristic. All classes of countries, including those with disadvantageous geography and history, experience reductions in poverty. In particular, poverty fell for both landlocked as well as coastal countries; for mineral‐rich as well as mineral‐poor countries; for countries with favorable or with unfavorable agriculture; for countries regardless of colonial origin; and for countries with below‐ or above‐median slave exports per capita during the African slave trade
Pinkovskiy would like to thank the Paul and Daisy Soros Fellowship for New Americans and the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program for funding. This work represents the opinion of the writers alone, and all remaining errors are our own.
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1 Introduction After three decades of zero or negative growth, Africa began a growth spurt around 1995 that has been sustained at least to 2006. Some analysts claim that this growth trend has not been strong enough to reduce poverty. For example, in its 2008 Millennium Development Goals Report, the United Nations Development Program contends that “the goal of cutting in half the proportion of people in the developing world living on less than $1 a day by 2015 remains within reach. However, this achievement will be due largely to extraordinary economic success in most of Asia. In contrast, previous estimates suggest that little progress was made in reducing extreme poverty in sub‐Saharan Africa.” The World Bank concurs: “In 1990, 28.3 percent of the people in low and middle‐income countries lived on less than $1 a day. By 1999 the share had fallen to 21.6 percent, driven mainly by strong growth in China and India (…) In Sub‐Saharan, where the GDP per capita fell by 5 percent, the extreme poverty rate rose from 47.4 percent in 1990 to 49 percent in 1999. The numbers are believed to be still rising” (World Bank (2004).) The U.N. Millenium Campaign Deputy Director for Africa says: “Poverty continues to intensify due to the exclusion of groups of people on the basis of class, caste, gender, disability, age, race, religion and other status,” (UN Millenium Campaign (2009).) This conventional wisdom is further documented and critically reviewed in Easterly (2009). It is also believed that most of the recent African growth is due to rising oil and natural resource prices, which entails a redistribution of income from mineral‐poor countries to mineral‐rich countries (Collier (2006).) Moreover, gains from natural resource wealth are believed to accrue to very narrow elites and to be irrelevant for poverty reduction. These claims imply that African growth should be accompanied by rapidly rising inequality, which is testable with data. ...
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