Fonologia(allophone and phoneme)

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Nombre: Angelina Grimaldi S.

Carrera:Pedagogía en Inglés

Profesor: Alvaro Pozo Leonard

Fecha: Arica, 01 de Junio de 2011.

PHONEME

The phoneme is a structuralist abstraction that was introduced by the Polish-Russian linguist Jan NiecislawBaudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929) and elaborated in the works of Nikolai Trubetzkoi (1890-1938). It was later adapted to and formally psychologized in generative linguistics (after Chomsky and Halle). Rather than a basic mental unit of language, however, it may well be a perceptual artifact of alphabetic literacy
Phonemes are sets of sounds of a language. Such a contrast is usuallydemonstrated by the existence of minimal pairs or contrast in identical environment. Minimal pairs are pairs of words which vary only by the identity of the fragment at a single location in the word (eg. [mæt] and [kæt]).
A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language. If a phoneme is changed, the word may change, e.g. change the l sound in 'lack' to a b and theword changes to 'back'.
Phonemes are set of speech sounds in any given language that serve to distinguish one word from another. A phoneme may consist of several phonetically distinct articulations, which are regarded as identical by native speakers, since one articulation may be substituted for another without any change of meaning.
The phonologists have differing views ofthe phoneme. Following are the two major views considered here:
• In the American structuralist tradition, a phoneme is defined according to its allophones and environments.
• In the generative tradition, a phoneme is defined as a set of distinctive features.
Phonemes are the basic building blocks of spoken language. Learners can be helped to discriminate phonemes throughcomparing 'minimal pairs'; pairs of words which differ only in one phoneme. Another approach is to integrate the teaching of pronunciation, dealing with aspects of pronunciation as they come up, rather than systematically.
The term is usually restricted to vowels and consonants, but some linguists include differences of pitch, stress, and rhythm. A phoneme may have variants, calledallophones that differ phonetically without affecting meaning. Phonemes may be recorded with special symbols, such as those of the International Phonetic Alphabet. In transcription, linguists conventionally place symbols for phonemes between slash marks: /p/.
Each phoneme in a language acquires its identity by contrast with other phonemes, for which it cannot be substituted without potentiallyaltering the meaning of a word. Changing one phoneme in a word can produce another word.
The exact number of phonemes in English depends on the speaker and the method of determining phoneme vs. allophone, but estimates typically range from 40 to 45, which is above average across all languages.
Depending on the language and the alphabet used, a phoneme may be writtenconsistently with one letter; however, there are many exceptions to this rule.

EXAMPLES
/ ɡæɪn / vs / kæɪn /
/p/=[p,b],/t/=[t,d], and /k/=[k,ɡ]
Two words that are differentiated by one phoneme, such as "cat" and "rat", are known as a minimal pair.
Phonemes in the English language would include sounds from the set of English consonants, like /p/...