Globalizacion

Páginas: 47 (11577 palabras) Publicado: 29 de junio de 2012
Globalization and Inequality (By Andrew Hurrell and Ngaire Woods)
Final version published in Millenium 24:3 (1995), 447-470, and also reprinted in Richard Higgott (ed),
The New Political Economy of Globalization (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2000).
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Globalization has become an important part of the rhetoric of contemporary international relations. It
survived the end of theCold War when many of our other ordering or explanatory concepts did not, and
is seemingly endlessly capable of reinvention to describe many different types of change in world
politics. Mostly the term globalization is invoked to describe the process of increasing interdependence
and global enmeshment which occurs as money, people, images, values and ideas flow ever more swiftly
and smoothlyacross national boundaries. It is assumed to be a process driven by technological advance
which will lead to an ever-more homogeneous and inter-connected world. In the new globalized world
economy, it is argued, states will cooperate more and international institutions will flourish. All of this
draws on the `liberal interpretation of globalization'.
Neglected in liberal and other writings aboutglobalization is one particularly important feature of world
politics -- inequality. Our concern is not to highlight the discontinuities and unevenness of globalization
which are often noted, but rather to try and unpack the relationship between globalization and inequality
more carefully.(1) Serious analysis of inequality has been neglected behind a number of rhetorical
propositions voiced inloud debates between liberals and their critics. The former argue that globalization
ameliorates inequalities, the latter that globalization exacerbates inequality.(2) Unanswered are the two
fundamental questions which link globalization and inequality. In the first place: How is the process of
globalization influenced by inequalities among states? In the second place: How is the impact ofglobalization affecting inequalities among states?
This article argues that inequality matters not just on grounds of equity, but for understanding the nature
of globalization and its impact on world politics. Inequalities among states both shape the process of
globalization and are affected by it. In the first part of the paper we examine liberal interpretations of
globalization. The termliberal is used to characterize both a market-liberal interpretation of the
increasing interconnectedness of world markets, and a broader liberal interpretation of the political and
social aspects of globalization. We start with an examination of this view because its underlying
assumptions dominate so much of the literature. Our examination focuses on how and why liberals
ignore or downplayinequality and on the unresolved tensions within liberal approaches. This leads us to
the second part of the article in which we present our own reconceptualization of globalization, which
draws both from an international society view of international relations and from a view of the
international political economy which emphasizes the causes and promulgation of global inequalities. In
the thirdsection we examine four areas which illustrate the linkages between inequality and globalization
-- state strength, international institutions, values and norms, and non-state actors.

The liberal orthodoxy

file:///C|/Website/Globalization and Inequality.htm (1 of 21) [30/01/2001 12:53:21]

Liberalism is a broad church and, as with all churches, has been marked by deep schisms. Yet four broadpropositions, all with deep historical roots, underpin liberal thinking on globalization and inequality.
In the first place, liberal economists assume that the globalization of world markets will reduce
inequalities among and within states.(3) This strongly optimistic longrun assumption allows liberals to
downgrade questions of inequality. The liberal orthodoxy posits a world economy in...
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