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1. What is a pinhole camera? How do we know that these devices existed before the nineteenth century?
2. Who created the first photograph? How was this done?
3. What is a calotype? Whathappens in this process?
4. What was the Kodak Brownie?
5. What did Richard Maddox invent? Why was this important?
6. Where did the technology for digital images come from?
7. What are twodifferent stock image licenses? How are they different?
8. What did George Eastman develop? Why was this important?
9. What do you think would have been the hardest part of using the camerasand photographic processes that existed before the twentieth century?
10. Which of the inventors associated with photography do you think had the largest impact on photography? Why?

Answers:1. A pinhole camera has no lens and is the simplest form of a camera. It consists of a light-tight box that has a single hole in one side. Light passes through the hole and creates an invertedimage on the opposite side of the box. The Greek philosopher Aristotle, for example, described a pinhole camera in about 330 BC when he questioned how the image of the sun in the box remained circulareven when the hole in the box was square. More recently, the pinhole camera was evidenced by a drawing down by Leonardo da Vinci. The drawing shows a camera obscura; other discussion from this timeperiod encourages the use of a camera obscura as a drawing aid. Before chemical photographic processes, however, the only way to record the image from the pinhole camera was to draw it.
2.  In the1820s, the first picture or photograph was produced by a French inventor, Joseph Nicephore Niepce. Niepce used a pewter plate and a substance known as bitumen of Judea. Bituman hardens when it is exposedto light, so the unhardened parts could be washed away, leaving the negative image of the object. Once this negative image was created, ink could be applied to the image and used as a sort of stamp...