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Nuclear Energy
The sun and stars are seemingly inexhaustible sources of energy. That energy is the result of nuclear reactions, in which matter is converted to energy. We have been able to harness that mechanism and regularly use it to generate power. Presently, nuclear energy provides for approximately 16% of the world's electricity. Unlike the stars, the nuclear reactors that we have todaywork on the principle of nuclear fission. Scientists are working like madmen to make fusion reactors which have the potential of providing more energy with fewer disadvantages than fission reactors.
Production
Changes can occur in the structure of the nuclei of atoms. These changes are called nuclear reactions. Energy created in a nuclear reaction is called nuclear energy, or atomic energy.Nuclear energy is produced naturally and in man-made operations under human control.
· Naturally: Some nuclear energy is produced naturally. For example, the Sun and other stars make heat and light by nuclear reactions.
· Man-Made: Nuclear energy can be man-made too. Machines called nuclear reactors, parts of nuclear power plants, provide electricity for many cities. Man-made nuclear reactions alsooccur in the explosion of atomic and hydrogen bombs[->0].
Nuclear energy is produced in two different ways, in one, large nuclei are split to release energy. In the other method, small nuclei are combined to release energy.
For a more detailed look at nuclear fission and nuclear fusion, consult the nuclear physics page[->1].
· Nuclear Fission[->2]: In nuclear fission, the nuclei of atoms aresplit, causing energy to be released. The atomic bomb[->3] and nuclear reactors work by fission. The element uranium is the main fuel used to undergo nuclear fission to produce energy since it has many favorable properties. Uranium nuclei can be easily split by shooting neutrons at them. Also, once a uranium nucleus is split, multiple neutrons are released which are used to split other uraniumnuclei. This phenomenon is known as a chain reaction.

· Nuclear Fusion[->4]: In nuclear fusion, the nuclei of atoms are joined together, or fused. This happens only under very hot conditions. The Sun, like all other stars, creates heat and light through nuclear fusion. In the Sun, hydrogen nuclei fuse to make helium. The hydrogen bomb[->5], humanity's most powerful and destructive weapon, alsoworks by fusion. The heat required to start the fusion reaction is so great that an atomic bomb[->6] is used to provide it. Hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium and in the process release huge amounts of energy[->7] thus producing a huge explosion[->8].
Milestones in the History of Nuclear Energy
Amore in depth and detailed history of nuclear energy is on the nuclear past page[->9].
· December 2,1942: The Nuclear Age began at the University of Chicago when Enrico Fermi made a chain reaction in a pile of uranium.
· August 6, 1945: The United States dropped an atomic bomb[->10] on Hiroshima, Japan, killing over 100,000.
· August 9, 1945: The United States dropped an atomic bomb[->11] on Nagasaki, Japan, killing over 40,000.
· November 1, 1952: The first large version of the hydrogenbomb[->12] (thousands of times more powerful than the atomic bomb[->13]) was exploded by the United States for testing purposes.
· February 21, 1956: The first major nuclear power plant opened in England.
Advantages of Nuclear Energy
· The Earth has limited supplies of coal and oil. Nuclear power plants could still produce electricity after coal and oil become scarce.
· Nuclear power plantsneed less fuel than ones which burn fossil fuels. One ton of uranium produces more energy than is produced by several million tons of coal or several million barrels of oil.
· Coal and oil burning plants pollute the air. Well-operated nuclear power plants do not release contaminants into the environment.
Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy
The nations of the world now have more than enough...