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Digital Image
Processing
Third Edition

Rafael C. Gonzalez
University of Tennessee

Richard E. Woods
MedData Interactive

Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data on File

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Introduction
One picture is worth more than ten thousand words.
Anonymous

Preview
Interest in digital image processing methodsstems from two principal application areas: improvement of pictorial information for human interpretation; and
processing of image data for storage, transmission, and representation for autonomous machine perception.This chapter has several objectives: (1) to define
the scope of the field that we call image processing; (2) to give a historical perspective of the origins of this field; (3) to giveyou an idea of the state of the art
in image processing by examining some of the principal areas in which it is applied; (4) to discuss briefly the principal approaches used in digital image processing; (5) to give an overview of the components contained in a typical,
general-purpose image processing system; and (6) to provide direction to the
books and other literature where image processingwork normally is reported.

1.1

What Is Digital Image Processing?

An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f(x, y), where x and
y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x, y) is called the intensity or gray level of the image at that point. When
x, y, and the intensity values of f are all finite, discrete quantities, we call theimage a digital image. The field of digital image processing refers to processing
digital images by means of a digital computer. Note that a digital image is composed of a finite number of elements, each of which has a particular location

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Chapter 1 ■ Introduction

and value. These elements are called picture elements, image...