Indoctrinación Y Propaganda Bajo El Régimen Nazi

Indoctrination and Propaganda under the Nazi Regime: Turning “Regular Citizens” into “Mass Murderers”
Rachel E. Lerner Moore
1. Understanding how different perspectives influenciate values
Classical prejudice research understands prejudices as negative attitudes towards groups and individuals based solely on their group membership (Allport 1954). Following this perspective, Aboud definesprejudice as a “unified, stable, and consistent tendency to respond in a negative way toward members of a particular ethnic group” (Aboud,1988, 6), which we would extend to any group. In other words, individuals are looked down upon not on the basis of their personal characteristics but through nothing other than their categorization as a member of an outgroup. It is utterly irrelevant whether theysee themselves as a member of this group or whether their group membership can be determined objectively. What matters is solely the categorization by the person holding or expressing the prejudice.
Take the example of the categorization of a person as a “foreigner”. For xenophobic prejudices to exist against this person it is generally irrelevant whether he or she in fact possesses the country’scitizenship, was born there, or has ever lived anywhere else. In prejudice research there is broad consensus that prejudices arise as generalized negative attitudes towards groups and individuals and are based solely on the fact that these groups are outgroups or these persons belong to an outgroup (Allport 1954; Zick 1997).
Racism, sexism, anti-immigrant attitudes, anti-Semitism and many otherprejudices are thus not personal traits, but social attitudes that must be understood through the context of the person who holds them. As social attitudes, prejudices have a cognitive, an affective and possibly also a behaviour-related dimension. As attitudes they are learnable – and unlearnable – even if this is often a long and difficult process in cases where attitudes are deep-seated.
Aprejudice is created through a three-stage process involving:
1) Categorization: We might categorize people by gender or age as the relevant category; or in another context we might categorize them into native and immigrant. The media play a decisive role, directing our attention to specific features – for example Jewish/non Jewish.
2) Stereotyping: We attribute particular characteristics to peopleon the basis of their group membership. These can be understood as little pictures we make in our heads (Lippmann 1922, cited in Aronson, Wilson and Akert 2004, pg. 485). Stereotyping always involves attributing identical characteristics to all the members of a group of people (generalizing).
3) Judgement (affective priming): Driven usually by a desire to create a positive social identity andpreserve or enhance self-esteem (Tajfel and Turner 1979), members of society tend to assess members of their ingroup positively and members of identified outgroups negatively.
According to Zick, Küpper and Heitneyer, 2010, Prejudices are especially persistent because they fulfil social-psychological functions, that is, they have social and individual utility for groups and individuals. Thesefunctions are social because prejudices, more than serving the individual, are relevant for the integration of individuals in groups, nations and cultures (Zick, Küpper and Heitmeyer 2010). There are five main social functions of prejudice:
1. Prejudices bond: devaluing minorities heightens the importance of the ingroup and problems such as unemployment are blamed on the “outsiders”. (Mendelberg 2001)2. Prejudices serve to preserve and enhance self-esteem: The more inferior the other in comparison to the ingroup the more positive the self-esteem gained through group identification.
3. Prejudices offer control and legitimize hierarchies. Prejudices often contain justifications for an existing social order: Prejudices legitimize myths for creating and maintaining group-based hierarchies...