Laboratory Invest

Laboratory investigation

Distillation is the separation operation, in by which they obtain the different components of liquids, solids that are dissolved in liquids or liquefied gases of a mixture by evaporation and condensing, by taking advantage of the different boiling points of each of the substances. Good to mention that the point boiling is one intensive property of each substance; itdoes not vary in function of the mass or volume, although it may do depending on the pressure.
In Steam distillation, it is carried out the selective vaporization of the volatile component of a mixture formed by this and other non-volatile component obviously. This is achieved by injecting steam directly into the mixture but its function is not "drag" the volatile component, but condense into theflask in order to transfer its latent heat to the mixture to be distilled so that is achieves evaporation. In this case, we have the presence of two insoluble phases along the distillation: organic and aqueous, therefore, each liquid will behave as if the other was not there. That is, each will exert its own vapor pressure corresponds to that of a pure liquid at a reference temperature.
Themost important condition for this type of distillation to be applied is that both the volatile component and impurity are insoluble in water as the volatile distillate condensed to form two layers, allowing the separation of product and water easily.
Fractional distillation is a physical process used to separate mixtures, generally homogeneous liquids by heat, and with a large mass and heat exchangebetween vapor and liquid.
It is used when it is necessary to separate solutions of substances with different boiling points but close, though. Some of the most common examples are oil and ethanol production.
Using a fractionating column allowing more contact between the fumes which rise with the condensed liquid which descends, by the use of different "dishes". It facilitates the exchange ofheat between vapor (sagging) and liquid (receiving). This exchange is an exchange of mass, where liquids with lower boiling point turning into steam, and vapors of substances with higher boiling point become liquid.
An alcohol is known as those organic chemical compounds containing a hydroxyl group (-OH), replacing a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a carbon atom. If they contain severalhydroxyl groups are called polyols.
The alcohols can be primary, secondary or tertiary, depending on the number of hydrogen atoms substituted on the carbon atom to which they are bound to the hydroxyl group.
Ethanol is the raw material for many products, such as Acetaldehyde, ethyl ether and chloroethane. It is used as antifreeze, food additive and yeast growth medium, in the manufacture of surfacecoatings and preparation mixtures of gasoline and ethyl alcohol.
Ethyl alcohol can dissolve many substances and for this reason it is used as solvent in the manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs, plastics, lacquers, varnishes, plasticizers, fragrances, cosmetics, rubber accelerators, etc.. It is also present in a lot of fermented drinks.
Edible ethanol can be found in alcoholic beverages, ismainly used for drinking, while the industrial ethanol is currently obtained by hydration of ethylene, it has modest applications as feedstock for ethyl esters, solvents, bath and toilet and various minor applications. Ethanol fuel is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a biofuel additive for gasoline
The methanol is a solvent for inks, dyes, resins and adhesives. It is used in themanufacture of photographic film, plastics, soaps textiles, wood stains, woven resin layer synthetic, safety glass and waterproofing products. It also serves as raw material for many chemical products it is an ingredient of paint removers and varnishes, degreasers, liquid and embalmers antifreeze mixtures
Methyl alcohol has toxic properties that can be caused by both acute and chronic exposure. People...