Liderazgo

Leadership: Current Theories, Research, and Future Directions
Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2009.60:421-449. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico on 11/02/09. For personal use only.

Bruce J. Avolio,1 Fred O. Walumbwa,2 and Todd J. Weber3
1

Department of Management, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0491; email: bavolio2@unl.eduDepartment of Management, The Arizona State University, Glendale, Arizona 85306-4908; email: fred.walumbwa@asu.edu Department of Management, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0491; email: tweber2@unl.edu

2

3

Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2009. 60:421–49 The Annual Review of Psychology is online at psych.annualreviews.org This article’s doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163621 Copyright c2009 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved 0066-4308/09/0110-0421$20.00

Key Words
authentic leadership, cognitive leadership, complexity leadership, cross-cultural leadership, new-genre leadership, shared leadership

Abstract
This review examines recent theoretical and empirical developments in the leadership literature, beginning with topics that are currently receiving attention interms of research, theory, and practice. We begin by examining authentic leadership and its development, followed by work that takes a cognitive science approach. We then examine newgenre leadership theories, complexity leadership, and leadership that is shared, collective, or distributed. We examine the role of relationships through our review of leader member exchange and the emerging work onfollowership. Finally, we examine work that has been done on substitutes for leadership, servant leadership, spirituality and leadership, cross-cultural leadership, and e-leadership. This structure has the benefit of creating a future focus as well as providing an interesting way to examine the development of the field. Each section ends with an identification of issues to be addressed in the future, inaddition to the overall integration of the literature we provide at the end of the article.

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Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OVERVIEW OF AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Authentic Leadership Defined . . . . . . Future Focus Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heritabilityand Leadership . . . . . . . . Examining Evidence for Positive Leadership Interventions . . . . . . . . Future Focus Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND LEADERSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emerging Cognitive Constructs . . . . Prototypical Abstractions of Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Focus Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . NEW-GENRE LEADERSHIP. . . . . . . New-Genre Versus Traditional Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boundary Conditions for New-Genre Leadership . . . . . . Future Focus Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . COMPLEXITY LEADERSHIP . . . . . . Complexity and Traditional Leadership Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Focus Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . SHARED, COLLECTIVE, OR DISTRIBUTED LEADERSHIP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shared Leadership Defined . . . . . . . . . Research Evidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 423 423 424 424 425 425 425 426 426 427 428 428 428 429 429 430 430 431 Future Focus Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . LEADER-MEMBER EXCHANGE . . . Extensions to LMX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Focus Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . FOLLOWERSHIPAND LEADERSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Romance of Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . Updates on Follower-Centric Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Focus Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . SUBSTITUTES FOR LEADERSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Future Focus Required . . . . . . . . . . . . . SERVANT LEADERSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . Future Focus...