Métodos y enfoques de la enseñanza de una segunda lengua

| GrammarTranslation | Direct Method | OralApproach | Audio-lingual | Communicative LanguageTeaching | TotalPhysicalResponse | SilentWay | CommunityLanguageLearning |
Characteristics | *Classes are taught in the students mother tongue, with little active use of the target language.*Reading and writing are the major focus.* Vocabulary selection is based solely on the readings texts used, andwords are taught through bilingual word lists, dictionary study, and memorization.*Much of the lesson is devoted to translating sentences into and out of the target language. *Students are expected to attain in high standards in translation. | *Correct pronunciation and grammar are emphasized* It requires teachers who are native speakers or who has native like fluency in the foreign language.*Classroom instruction is conducted exclusively in the target language.*Grammar is taught inductively* New teaching points are introduced orally.*Concrete vocabulary is taught through demonstration, objects, and pictures; abstract vocabulary is taught by association of ideas. | *Items of grammar are graded following the principle that simple forms should be taught before complex ones.
*Reading andwriting are introduced once a sufficient lexical and grammatical basis is established.*Language teaching begins with the spoken language. Material is taught orally before it is presented in the written form.
*The target language is the language of the classroom.
*New language points are introduced and practiced situationally. | *Based on repetitions.*Forbidden the mother tongue.*Grammar isforbidden for the basic levels. *Strengthens auditory skills grammatical leaving for advanced levels.*Long processes of repetition and drills. *Translation is forbidden for beginners.*Achieve linguistic competence.*Listening and speaking is more important than reading and writing. | *Real communication promotes learning.*Language is used to carrying out meaning full tasks.*Fluency and acceptable languageis the primary goal:Accuracy is judged not in the abstract but in the context. *Dialogs if used, center around communicative functions and are not normally memorized.*Sequencing is determined by any consideration of content, function or meaning which maintains interest.*Teacher helps learner in any way that motivates them to work with the language. | * The originator of TPR, James Asher.Itattempts to teach language through physical activity.*Combined tracing activities, such as verbal rehearsal accompanied by motor activity, hence increase the probability of successful recall.*Children develop listening competence before they develop the ability to speak.*Children´s ability in listening comprehension is acquired because children are required to respond physically to spoken language inthe form of parental commands. | *Learning is a problem-solving, creative and discovering activity in which the learner is a very important and principle actor rather than a passive listener.*Learning will be more motivating and permanent if physical objects such as rods and wall-charts are used. These objects gather students’ attention and create memorable images for student recall.*Atthe beginning, the teacher needs to look for progress, not perfection, Learning takes place in time. Students learn at different rates.  *Only the learner can do the learning.*The teacher should be silent as much as possible in the classroom to encourage the learner to produce as much language as possible. | *Developed by Charles A. Currant and his associates.*CCL interactions are of two distinct andfundamental kinds: interactions between learners and knowers.*Is most often used in the teaching of oral proficiency, but with some modifications it may be used in the teaching of writing.*Doesn’t use a conventional language syllabus, which sets out in advance the grammar, vocabulary, and other language items to be taught and the order in which they will be covered.*Learners become members of a...