Manual destilacion

FOURTH EDITION

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Introduction ...................................................3

Distillation .....................................................4

APV in Distillation..........................................5

Basic Principles of Distillation..........................6

Distillation Terminology ..................................9System Components.....................................14

Steam Stripping...........................................23

Solvent Recovery .........................................26

Distillation Column Control ...........................31

Modular Systems .........................................35

Applications ................................................37

CaseStudy..................................................44

Major APV Distillation Customers .................50

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While the use of distillation dates back in recorded history to about 50 B.C., the first truly industrial exploitation of this separation process did not occur until the 12th century when it was used in the production of alcoholicbeverages. By the 16th century, distillation also was being used in the manufacture of vinegar, perfumes, oils and other products. As recently as two hundred years ago, distillation stills were small, of the batch type, and usually operated with little or no reflux. With experience, however, came new developments. Tray columns appeared on the scene in the 1820s along with feed preheating and theuse of internal reflux. By the latter part of that century, considerable progress had been made. Germany’s Hausbrand and France’s Sorel developed mathematical relations that turned distillation from an art into a well defined technology. Today, distillation is a widely used operation in the petroleum, chemical, petrochemical, beverage and pharmaceutical industries. It is important not only for thedevelopment of new products, but also for the recovery and reuse of volatile liquids. For example, pharmaceutical manufacturers use large quantities of solvents, most of which can be recovered by distillation with substantial savings in cost and pollution reduction. While distillation is one of the most important unit operations, it is also one of the most energy intensive operations. It iseasily the largest consumer of energy in petroleum and petrochemical processing, and so, must be approached with conservation in mind. Distillation is a specialized technology, and the correct design of equipment is not always a simple task. This handbook describes APV’s role in developing distillation systems, details different types of duties, discusses terminology and calculation techniques, andoffers a selection of case studies covering a variety of successful installations.

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Distillation, sometimes referred to as fractionation or rectification, is a process for the separating of two or more liquids. The process utilizes the difference of the vapor pressures to produce the separation. Distillation is one of the oldest unitoperations. While the first technical publication was developed in 1597, distillation already had been practiced for many centuries — specifically, for the concentration of ethyl alcohol for beverages. Today, distillation is one of the most used unit operations and is the largest consumer of energy in the process industries. APV has been conducting business in the field of distillation since1929. A brief history of APV in distillation is shown in Figure 1. Today, APV mainly concentrates its marketing efforts in the area of solvent recovery, waste water stripping, chemical production and specialized systems, such as high vacuum systems for oils.

A HISTORY OF APV IN DISTILLATION
1929 1933 1935 1935 1939 1939-45 1946 1969 1971 1990 First Distillation Columns Manufactured West Tray...