Mecanica Vectorial

Marks’

Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers
Revised by a staff of specialists

EUGENE A. AVALLONE

Editor

Consulting Engineer; Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Emeritus The City College of the City University of New York

THEODORE BAUMEISTER III

Editor

Retired Consultant, Information Systems Department E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.

Tenth Edition

McGRAW-HILLNew York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota ´ Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto

Library of Congress Cataloged The First Issue of this title as follows: Standard handbook for mechanical engineers. 1st-ed.; 1916 – New York, McGraw-Hill. v. Illus. 18 – 24 cm. Title varies: 1916 – 58; Mechanical engineers’ handbook.Editors: 1916 – 51, L. S. Marks. — 1958 – T. Baumeister. Includes bibliographies. 1. Mechanical engineering — Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Marks, Lionel Simeon, 1871 – ed. II. Baumeister, Theodore, 1897 – ed. III. Title; Mechanical engineers’ handbook. TJ151.S82 502 .4 621 16 – 12915 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 87-641192

MARKS’ STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

Copyright© 1996, 1987, 1978 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Copyright © 1967, renewed 1995, and 1958, renewed 1986, by Theodore Baumeister III. Copyright © 1951, renewed 1979 by Lionel P. Marks and Alison P. Marks. Copyright © 1941, renewed 1969, and 1930, renewed 1958, by Lionel Peabody Marks. Copyright © 1924, renewed 1952 by Lionel S. Marks. Copyright © 1916 by Lionel S. Marks. All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW ISBN 0-07-004997-1 90109876

The sponsoring editors for this book wereRobert W. Hauserman and Robert Esposito, the editing supervisor was David E. Fogarty, and the production supervisor was Suzanne W. B. Rapcavage. It was set in Times Roman by Progressive Information Technologies. Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. This book is printed on acid-free paper. The editors and the publishers will be grateful to readers who notify them of any inaccuracyor important omission in this book.

Contributors

Abraham Abramowitz Consulting Engineer; Professor of Electrical Engineering,
Emeritus, The City College, The City University of New York (ILLUMINATION) Vincent M. Altamuro President, VMA, Inc., Toms River, NJ (MATERIAL HOLDING AND FEEDING. CONVEYOR MOVING AND HANDLING. AUTOMATED GUIDED VEHICLES AND ROBOTS. MATERIAL STORAGE AND WAREHOUSING.METHODS ENGINEERING. AUTOMATED MANUFACTURING. INDUSTRIAL PLANTS) Alger Anderson Vice President, Engineering, Research & Product Development, LiftTech International, Inc. (OVERHEAD TRAVELING CRANES) William Antis* Technical Director, Maynard Research Council, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA (METHODS ENGINEERING) Dennis N. Assanis Professor of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan (INTERNAL COMBUSTIONENGINES) Klemens C. Baczewski Consulting Engineer (CARBONIZATION OF COAL AND GAS MAKING) Glenn W. Baggley Manager, Regenerative Systems, Bloom Engineering Co., Inc. (COMBUSTION FURNACES) Frederick G. Bailey Consulting Engineer; formerly Technical Coordinator, Thermodynamics and Applications Engineering, General Electric Co. (STEAM TURBINES) Antonio F. Baldo Professor of Mechanical Engineering,Emeritus, The City College, The City University of New York (NONMETALLIC MATERIALS. MACHINE ELEMENTS) Robert D. Bartholomew Sheppard T. Powell Associates, LLC (CORROSION) George F. Baumeister President, EMC Process Corp., Newport, DE (MATHEMATICAL TABLES) Heard K. Baumeister Senior Engineer, Retired, International Business Machines Corp. (MECHANISM) Howard S. Bean* Late Physicist, National Bureau of...