Mircogrids

HICSS-34

Tutorial 14

January 3, 2001

mGrid Operation and Control
PSERC
Robert H. Lasseter
University of Wisconsin
Giri Venkataramanan
University of Wisconsin
A. P. Sakis Meliopoulos
Georgia Institute of Technology
© 2001 University of Wisconsin Board of Regents

University of Wisconsin and Georgia Institute of Technology

1

HICSS-34

Tutorial 14

Micro-Grid Operationand Control
Robert H. Lasseter

University of
Wisconsin
A.P.Sakis Meliopoulos Georgia Institute of
Technology
Giri Venkataramanan University of
Wisconsin
R.H.Lasseter

University-of-Wisconsin

PSERC

Outline
1. Overview of Micro-sources (1/2 hr)
2. Problems and Issues related to
Distribution Systems (1 hr)
3. Power Electronics (1hr)
4. Operation and Control of Micro-GridsNeeds and Challenges (1/2Hr)

R.H.Lasseter

University-of-Wisconsin

PSERC

Power Generation Applications
100s MWs
Central Plant

Power Generation

kWs

Distributed Generation
1 MW
T/D grid
On site generation
•Peaking
units:
•Cost
deferrals:
•Voltage
support:

•Back-up power
•Local power & heat
•Isolated site
•Local voltage support
•Cost reduction
•Load managementMicro Grid
R.H.Lasseter

University-of-Wisconsin

PSERC

Micro-Turbine Basics
Hot Air
Recuperator
Turbine

Generator
Generator

Air

Power
electronics

Compressor
3 Phase ~ 480V AC
R.H.Lasseter

University-of-Wisconsin

PSERC

70kW Micro turbine
•Installed at $1000/kW
(target is $350/kW)
•Efficiency 30%

•Air foil bearings
•expect in excess of
40,000 hours ofreliable operation.
•Operation speed
90,000-100,000 RPMs
R.H.Lasseter

University-of-Wisconsin

PSERC

Fuel cell System

R.H.Lasseter

University-of-Wisconsin

PSERC

Automotive Influence on Fuel Cell
Development
Experimental
F.C. car
(Toyota)

1997

Prototype F.C.
cars (G.M., DC., Toyota)

Production of
F.C. vehicles

2005

2000
Daimler-Chrysler
$324 millioninvestment

Fuel cell buses
commonplace

Car Fuel Cells must be under
$100/kW
R.H.Lasseter

University-of-Wisconsin

PSERC

Ballard PEM Fuel Cell

R.H.Lasseter

University-of-Wisconsin

PSERC

7 kW Plug Power System
PEM Fuel Cell/water heater

QuickTime™ and a
Photo - JPEG decompressor
are needed to see this picture.

R.H.Lasseter

University-of-Wisconsin

PSERCDistributed Generation
Business Characterization
U. S. Electricity Market $250 Billion Per Year
Distributed Generation Expected to Capture 1020% of Market in 10 years
Players - Illustrative List
Allied-Signal
• Micro-Turbines
Siemens
• Fuel Cells
Solar Turbine/Caterpillar Tractor
• Engines/turbines
Capstone Turbine
• Micro-Turbines
GE
• Fuel Cells/Turbines
Others - Ballard,Allison, Williams, Plug Power, PowerCell
R.H.Lasseter
University-of-Wisconsin
Commercial Units/Packaged Solutions Coming to Market PSERC

Generation Efficiencies
1 MW
70%
With
CHP

60%
50%

CHP

Hybrid
Fuel cell

CCTG

Fuel Cell
Micro
Turbine

40%

Gas
Turbine
Reciprocating
Engines

30%
20%
10kW

100kW

R.H.Lasseter

1 MW

Old
steam
10MWUniversity-of-Wisconsin

100MW

1000MW

PSERC

On Site Generation
Efficiencies
30/80%

Microturbine

30-200 kW

PA Fuel Cells

200-2000 kW 40/78%

PEM Fuel Cells

5-250 kW

Hybrid FC/MT

200-2500 kW 66 kV
24-66 kV
4-16 kV
120-480 V

University-of-Wisconsin

PSERC

Micro-source Issues
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Low power < 100 kw
Low voltage 120-480 volts
Inertia-less
Powerelectronic interface
Interconnection cost
Control (large numbers)
Market interactions

R.H.Lasseter

University-of-Wisconsin

PSERC

Micro Source Dynamics
DC Bus

Generator

AC
AC
DC

• Type of Inverter
• Response of “Prime Mover”

R.H.Lasseter

University-of-Wisconsin

PSERC

Inverter P-Q response

Line Commutated
pu

CSI - Line
Commutated
VSI - PWM
with...