Motores De Combustion Interna

Engineering Fundamentals
of the
Internal Combustion Engine
.i
Willard W. Pulkrabek
University of Wisconsin-À .. Platteville

vi Contents
2-3 Mean Effective Pressure, 49
2-4 Torque and Power, 50
2-5 Dynamometers, 53
2-6 Air-Fuel Ratio and Fuel-Air Ratio, 55
2-7 Specific Fuel Consumption, 56
2-8 Engine Efficiencies, 59
2-9 Volumetric Efficiency, 60 ,
2-10 Emissions, 62
2-11 NoiseAbatement, 62
2-12 Conclusions-Working Equations, 63
Problems, 65
Design Problems, 67
3 ENGINE CYCLES 68
3-1 Air-Standard Cycles, 68
3-2 Otto Cycle, 72
3-3 Real Air-Fuel Engine Cycles, 81
3-4 SI Engine Cycle at Part Throttle, 83
3-5 Exhaust Process, 86
3-6 Diesel Cycle, 91
3-7 Dual Cycle, 94
3-8 Comparison of Otto, Diesel, and Dual Cycles, 97
3-9 Miller Cycle, 103
3-10 Comparison ofMiller Cycle and Otto Cycle, 108
3-11 Two-Stroke Cycles, 109
3-12 Stirling Cycle, 111
3-13 Lenoir Cycle, 113
3-14 Summary, 115
Problems, 116
Design Problems, 120
4 THERMOCHEMISTRY AND FUELS 121
4-1 Thermochemistry, 121
4-2 Hydrocarbon Fuels-Gasoline, 131
4-3 Some Common Hydrocarbon Components, 134
4-4 Self-Ignition and Octane Number, 139
4-5 Diesel Fuel, 148
4-6 Alternate Fuels, 1504-7 Conclusions, 162
Problems, 162
Design Problems, 165

Contents
vii
5 AIR AND FUEL INDUCTION
166
5-1 Intake Manifold, 166
5-2 Volumetric Efficiency of SI Engines, 168
5-3 Intake Valves, 173
5-4 Fuel Injectors, 178
5-5 Carburetors, 181
5-6 Supercharging and Turbocharging, 190
5-7 Stratified Charge Engines
and Dual Fuel Engines, 195
5-8 Intake for Two-Stroke Cycle Engines, 196
5-9Intake for CI Engines, 199
5-10 Conclusions, 201
Problems, 202
Design Problems, 204
6 FLUID MOTION WITHIN COMBUSTION CHAMBER
206
6-1 Turbulence, 206
6-2 Swirl, 208
6-3 Squish and Tumble, 213
6-4 Divided Combustion Chambers, 214
6-5 Crevice Flow and Blowby, 215
6-6 Mathematical Models and Computer
Simulation, 219
6-7 Internal Combustion Engine Simulation
Program, 221
6-8 Conclusions,225
Problems, 226
Design Problems, 228
7 COMBUSTION
229
7-1 Combustion in SI Engines, 229
7-2 Combustion in Divided Chamber Engines
and Stratified Charge Engines, 243
7-3 Engine o?Itrating Characteristics, 246
7-4 Modern Fast Burn Combustion Chambers, 248
7-5 Combustion in CI Engines, 251
7-6 Summary, 259
Problems, 260
Design Problems, 261

viii Contents
8 EXHAUST FLOW 262
8-1Blowdown, 262
8-2 Exhaust Stroke, 265
8-3 Exhaust Valves, 268
8-4 Exhaust Temperature, 269
8-5 Exhaust Manifold, 270
8-6 Turbochargers, 272
8-7 Exhaust Gas Recycle-EGR, 273
8-8 Tailpipe and Muffler, 273
8-9 Two-Stroke Cycle Engines, 274
8-10 Summary and Conclusions, 274
Problems, 275
Design Problems, 276
9 EMISSIONS AND AIR POLLUTION 277
9-1 Air Pollution, 277
9-2 Hydrocarbons (He), 2789-3 Carbon Monoxide (CO), 285
9-4 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), 285
9-5 Particulates, 287
9-6 Other Emissions, 290
9-7 Aftertreatment, 292
9-8 Catalytic Converters, 293
9-9 CI Engines, 301
9-10 Chemical Methods to Reduce Emissions, 303
9-11 Exhaust Gas Recycle-EGR, 304
9-12 Non-Exhaust Emissions, 307
Problems, 308
Design Problems, 311
10 HEAT TRANSFER IN ENGINES 312
10-1 EnergyDistribution, 313
10-2 Engine Temperatures, 314
10-3 Heat Transfer in Intake System, 317
10-4 Heat Transfer in Combustion Chambers, 318
10-5 Heat Transfer in Exhaust System, 324
10-6 Effect of Engine Operating Variables
on Heat Transfer, 327
10-7 Air Cooled Engines, 334
10-8 Liquid Cooled Engines, 335

~ ~
10-9 Oil as a Coolant, 340
10-10 Adiabatic Engines, 341
10-11 Some Modern Trends inEngine Cooling, 342
10-12 Thermal Storage, 343
10-13 Summary, 345
Problems, 345
Design Problems, 348
11 FRICTIONAND LUBRICATION 349
11-1 Mechanical Friction and Lubrication, 349
11-2 Engine Friction, 351
11-3 Forces on Piston, 360
11-4 Engine Lubrication Systems, 364
11-5 Two-Stroke Cycle Engines, 366
11-6 Lubricating Oil, 367
11-7 Oil Filters, 373
11-8 Summary and Conclusions, 375...