Natural Born Killers: The Genetics Of Extreme Violence
Páginas: 47 (11664 palabras)
Publicado: 26 de enero de 2013
AVB-00496; No of Pages 9
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Aggression and Violent Behavior xxx (2009) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Aggression and Violent Behavior
1 2
Natural born killers: The genetic origins of extreme violence
Christopher J. Ferguson a,⁎, Kevin M. Beaver b
a b
Q1 3 Q2 4
5
Department of Behavioral, Applied Sciences and Criminal Justice, Texas A&MInternational University, 5201 University Boulevard, Laredo, TX 78041, United States ^ Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
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Article history: Received 20 January 2009 Accepted 11 March 2009 Available online xxxx
The current article examines the influence of genetics and evolution onacts of extreme and criminal violence among human primates. Moderate aggression can function to increase an organism's reproductive success; extreme violence can place the organism at unnecessary risk. Genetic polymorphisms that have been linked to extreme acts of violence are reviewed as is research elucidating how genetic risk and environmental stress may interact to increase risk of extremeviolence. Extreme violence is viewed as high-end variance in an ^ evolutionarily adaptive process in which the propensity for aggression and violent behavior, in moderate doses, has been adaptive for individual humans. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents 1. Defining relevant terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Social science's resistance to evolution and genetics . 3. Geneticpolymorphisms associated with violence. . . 4. An evolutionary approach to understanding violence . 5. Uncited references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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The origin of human violence has been an issue of considerable concern and debate for centuries (e.g., Lombroso, 1876/2006). Violence is just one outcome that has been central to the “nature versus nurture” debate. Given technical limitations and predominating scientificviews, much of the research produced on violence during the latter 20th century focused on social, family, and cultural influences on violence. More recent research has indicated that violent behavior has significant biological, genetic, and evolutionary origins as well. Several studies have identified gene polymorphisms that increase the risk for violent behavior. Increasingly, the evolutionary originsof violent behavior are being explored. The current paper seeks to provide a review of what is currently known about the genetic and evolutionary origins of extreme violent behavior. 1. Defining relevant terms
It is important to recognize that the terms used in the current paper, namely “aggression” “violence” and “extreme violence” should ^
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 956 326 2636.E-mail address: CJFerguson1111@aol.com (C.J. Ferguson). 1359-1789/$ – see front matter © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.03.005
not be taken to be synonymous. For instance, when individuals in the general populace learn of research suggesting that, say, “Eating plums increases aggression,” many such individuals may picture children or adults hitting, kicking,...
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Aggression and Violent Behavior xxx (2009) xxx–xxx
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Aggression and Violent Behavior
1 2
Natural born killers: The genetic origins of extreme violence
Christopher J. Ferguson a,⁎, Kevin M. Beaver b
a b
Q1 3 Q2 4
5
Department of Behavioral, Applied Sciences and Criminal Justice, Texas A&MInternational University, 5201 University Boulevard, Laredo, TX 78041, United States ^ Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, United States
24 25 27 26 28 29 30 31 Q6 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
PR
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 7 8 9 10 Q3 11 12 13 14
OO
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a r t i c l e
i n f o
a b s t r a c t
F
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Article history: Received 20 January 2009 Accepted 11 March 2009 Available online xxxx
The current article examines the influence of genetics and evolution onacts of extreme and criminal violence among human primates. Moderate aggression can function to increase an organism's reproductive success; extreme violence can place the organism at unnecessary risk. Genetic polymorphisms that have been linked to extreme acts of violence are reviewed as is research elucidating how genetic risk and environmental stress may interact to increase risk of extremeviolence. Extreme violence is viewed as high-end variance in an ^ evolutionarily adaptive process in which the propensity for aggression and violent behavior, in moderate doses, has been adaptive for individual humans. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents 1. Defining relevant terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2. Social science's resistance to evolution and genetics . 3. Geneticpolymorphisms associated with violence. . . 4. An evolutionary approach to understanding violence . 5. Uncited references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
RE
CT
. . . . . .
ED
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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0 0 0 0 0 0
UN CO R
The origin of human violence has been an issue of considerable concern and debate for centuries (e.g., Lombroso, 1876/2006). Violence is just one outcome that has been central to the “nature versus nurture” debate. Given technical limitations and predominating scientificviews, much of the research produced on violence during the latter 20th century focused on social, family, and cultural influences on violence. More recent research has indicated that violent behavior has significant biological, genetic, and evolutionary origins as well. Several studies have identified gene polymorphisms that increase the risk for violent behavior. Increasingly, the evolutionary originsof violent behavior are being explored. The current paper seeks to provide a review of what is currently known about the genetic and evolutionary origins of extreme violent behavior. 1. Defining relevant terms
It is important to recognize that the terms used in the current paper, namely “aggression” “violence” and “extreme violence” should ^
⁎ Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 956 326 2636.E-mail address: CJFerguson1111@aol.com (C.J. Ferguson). 1359-1789/$ – see front matter © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.03.005
not be taken to be synonymous. For instance, when individuals in the general populace learn of research suggesting that, say, “Eating plums increases aggression,” many such individuals may picture children or adults hitting, kicking,...
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