Negocio

‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ/ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﻛﺮﻳﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ/ﻣﺠﺪﻱ ﺩﻫـﺐ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﺭﻭﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻱ ﺭﺣﻤﻪ ﺍﷲ ﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺗﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺰﻳﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﻔﻈﻬﺎ ﺍﷲ ﻭﺍﻟﻰ ﺯﻭﺟﺘـﻲ ﻭﻭﻟـﺪﻱ ﻋﺒـﺪﺍ ﻟـﺮﺣﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛـﻲ –‬ ‫ﻭﺯﻣﻼﺋﻲ ﺑﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺳﻤﻨﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺳـﻬﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﺍﺿﻊ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎﺱ – ﻓﺎﺩﻱ – ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻭﺍﻫﺪﻱ ﻟﻬـﻢ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺠﻬـﺪ‬

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< ‫> ﻭﻗﻞ ﺭﺑﻲ ﺯﺩﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ‬

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‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﷲ ﺗﻌﺎﱃ‬

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‫اﻟﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﺘﻤﮭﯿﺪي‬

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‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫١ - ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ:-‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺴﺎﻫﻢ ﺑﻘﺪﺭ ﺃﻛﱪ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻭﲟﺎ ﺃﻧﲏ ﺃﻋﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻳﺘﻀﺢ ﺟﻠﻴﺎ، ﻭﻳﻨﺒﻐـﻲ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﺑﺄﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﺍﳉﻬﻮﺩ ﺍﳉﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻋﻤﺎﺩ ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎﻝﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴـﺔ، ﻳﻘـﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺠﺎﺡ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻤﻴﺰ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﲔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﻭﺍﻻﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ، ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻺﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﰲ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﻓﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻏﺎﻟﺒﺎﹰ ﰲ ﻳﺪ ﺃﺣـﺪ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﳊﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﱵ ﻣﺮﺕ ﰊ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﺑﻦ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﳌﺆﺳﺲ ﻭﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻄﻠﻖ ﺍﳊﺮﻳﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺧـﻮﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﰲ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻒ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﻢ ﺣﻖ ﰲ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺍﳌﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﶈﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﻮﻛﻞ ﳍﻢ ﰲ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻋﻤﻠﻪ ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻷﺧـﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﻨﺴﺎﺀ ﻓﺘﺬﻫﺐ ﳍﻢ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻬﻢ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺇﺧﻮﺍ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﺃﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﻢ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﻢﺩﻭﺭ ﻳﺬﻛﺮ ﰲ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺍﻷﻣـﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻥ ﺍﻹﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﻳﺪ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﺳﺮﺓ.‬ ‫٢ - ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ:-‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻠﻌﺐ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﹰ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎﹰ ﻭﳏﻮﺭﻳﺎﹰ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﰲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﳎـﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﲡﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺧﺪﻣﻲ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﻭﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﻋﻘﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺩﻋﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺰﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻨﺎﺥ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻻﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻫـﻮ ﰲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻮﻃﲏ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ )ﻭﺗﻜﺮﻳﺲ ﻟﺴﻮﻳﺘﻪ ﻭﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ(. ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻗﻠﻴـﻞ ﻣـﻦﺍﻟـﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴـﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺻﻠﺖ ﻟﻠﺠﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺑﻨﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻧﻔﺼﺎﻝ ﻭﻃﻼﻕ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎﹰ ﺳﻬﻼﹰ ﻭﺣـﻀﺎﺭﻳﺎﹰ ﻭﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧـﺎﹰ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺑﺸﻌﺎﹰ ﻭﺣﺰﻳﻨﺎﹰ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺇﱃ ﻓﻘﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﳌﻜﺎﻧﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺇﺭﺛﻬﺎ ﻭﳎﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﲰﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻣﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯﺍ‪‬ﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻳـﺔ ﻣـﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺃﺻﻮﻝ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﳋﺎﺳﺮ ﺍﻷﻛﱪ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣـﻊ ﺗـﺪﺍﻋﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﺣﲔ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ.ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﻨﺒﻊ ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﰲ ﻛﻮﻧﻪﳜﺪﻡ ﻗﻄﺎﻉ ﻛﺒﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻳﺒﺼﺮﻫﻢ ﳓﻮ ﺍﻷﻓـﻀﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﱴ ﻻ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﺷﺮﻛﺎ‪‬ﻢ ﻭﻳﻀﻊ ﳍﻢ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﻬﺎ.‬ ‫٣ - ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ:-‬ ‫ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ٥٩% ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﳑﺎ ﺣﺪﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺩﺭﺍﺳـﺔ ﺍﻟﻈـﺎﻫﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻷﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﲣﺪﻡ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﳊﻴﻮﻳﺔ ﺍﳍﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ، ﰲ ﻋﺎﱂ ﺳـﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﲑ ﻋﺎﱂ ﻳﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺎ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪﺓﻭﺍﳌﻨﺎﻓﺴﲔ ﺍﳉﺪﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﻠﻮﻙ ﺍﳉﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﳌﺮﺩﻳﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﺀ ﻭﻳﺘﻄﻠـﺐ ﻫـﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻌـﺎﱂ ﺗﻘﻨﻴـﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﺳﺎﻟﻴﺐ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳﺔ ﳏﺘﺮﻓﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﺳﻠﻮﺏ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ ﲜﻬﻮﺩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﻳـﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﻛﻤﺎ ﺳﻴﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮﻥ ﺇﱃ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﳍﺎ.‬

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‫٤ - ﺃﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ:-‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ.‬ ‫١. ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ.‬ ‫٢. ﺗﺄﺛﲑﻫﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ.‬ ‫٣. ﺃﳘﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ.‬ ‫٤. ﺍﻟﻮﻗﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺭﳜﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ.‬ ‫٥. ﺗﺼﻨﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ.‬ ‫٦. ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﳌﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺍﶈﻴﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ.‬ ‫• ﺍﳉﺎﻧﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻲ.‬ ‫• ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻧﲔ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ.‬ ‫• ﺳﻮﻕ ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﳌﺎﻟﻴﺔ.‬ ‫٧. ﺃﺳﺒﺎﺏ ﺍ‪‬ﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ.‬ ‫٨. ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺣﺚ ﺑﺎﳋﺮﻭﺝ ﺑﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭﺗﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﳍﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻼﻗﺔﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﰊ ﻭﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟـﺴﻌﻮﺩﻱ ﻭﺃﻳـﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻷﻥ ﺍﳌﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺗﻌﺘﱪ ﺭﻛﻴﺰﺓ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﳌﻲ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃ‪‬ﺎ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻂ ﻭﺩﻭﻟﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ.‬ ‫٥ – ﺍﳌﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ:-‬ ‫ﺳﻘﻂ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺍ‪‬ﺎﺭ ﻭ‪‬ﲑ . ﻭﻫﲑﺕ ﺍﳉﺮﻑ ﻓﺘﻬﲑ : ﻟﻐﺔ ﰲ ﻫﻮﺭﺗﻪ . ﻭﺭﺟﻞ ﻫﻴﺎﺭ :ﻳﻨﻬﺎﺭ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻨـﻬﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺮﻣـﻞ : ﻭﺗﻌـﲏ ﰲ‬
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‫١. ‪ ‬ﺍﳉﺮﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻭ‪‬ﲑ : ﺃ‪‬ﺪﻡ ، ﻭﻗﻴﻞ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﻧﺼﺪﻉ ﺍﳉﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻠﻔﻪ ﻭﻫﻮ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﺑﻌﺪ ﰲ ﻣﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻫﺎﺭ، ﻓﺈﺫﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻧﻌﺪﺍﻣﻬﺎﺷﻴﺌﺎ ﻓﺸﻴﺌﺎ.‬

‫٢. ‪‬ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ : ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ. ﻭﺗﻔﺎﻭﺽ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻳﻜﺎﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﻝ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺍﺷﺘﺮﻛﺎ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺃﲨـﻊ،‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺔ. ﻭﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻷﺯﻫﺮﻱ ﰲ ﺗﺮﲨﺔ ﻋﻨﻦ : ﻭﺷﺎﺭﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﻣﻔﺎﻭﺿﺔ، ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﳍﻤﺎ ﲨﻴﻌﺎﹰ ﻣـﻦ ﻛـﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﻲﺀ ﳝﻠﻜﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ، ﻭﻗﻴﻞ: ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺎﻭﺿﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺸﺘﺮﻛﺎ ﰲ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲﺀ ﰲ ﺃﻳﺪﻳﻬﻤﺎ. ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪‬ﺗﻘﻮﻝ ﻗﻮﻡ ﻋﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺣﺎﺋـﻚ‬

‫ﻭﻋﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﻞ ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﺬﻳﻦ...